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f> By IsH, or WeELSH-ENGLISH
DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
Some ‘Thoufands of BririsH Woxps more than any WELsH Diationary hitherto’ publifhed. All the Authorities or Examples which the learned Dr. Davis gives, in his Briti/b-Latin Dicti- onary> from ancient Poets, Hiftorians, &c. are inferted in This, as they are accurate Proofs of the Significations afign’d to thofe
Words; and the Words which are added, are often exemplified in the fame Manner.
A ND to make this Work more compleat, befides the Explications
and L£tymologies of Words, many valuable Briti/o ANTIQUITIES are interfperfed through all the Parts of it.
To which is prefix’d,
AX compendious WELSH GRAMMAR, With all the Rures in ENG LIsuH.
x3 Befides the AUTHOR’s Collections from his own Reading and Obfervations, and what is contain’d in Dr. Davies's Britib-Latin Di€tionary, This Werk hath been greatly Improved out of Mr. Enwaro Luwyp's Arckeologia, Bri- tannica, Dr. WotTo0N’s Ghffary, &e.—And there is likewife added,
A large Cottection of British PRovERBS.
By THOMAS RICHARDS,
CuRATE of CovcHURCH.
BRISTOL:
PRINTED AND SOLD BY FELIX FARLEY IN SMALL-STREET:
80LD ALSO IN LONDON, BY MESS'’. KNAPTON, INNYS, HITCH, DAVIS,
CLARKE, OWEN, &c.—BY R.RAIKES IN GLOUCESTER; W. WiLLIAMS, BOOKSELLER IN MONMOUTH; AND BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF WALES,—MDCCLIII. —[prics Ss]
TO HIS
ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE
Prince of WALES.
May it pleafe your Roy av Hicuness,
xx @Dx« HE following PERFORMANCE is 43> with all Humility infcribed to qs your Roya, Hicuness: The
yw eee wy Readinefs with which you con-
defcended to become the Parron of ruts
Work, however inconfiderable in itfelf, is a
noble
[ iv ]
noble Proof of your early Attention to the In- terefts of Learnino, and a favourable Pre- fage of its Goacuasace in a flourifhing State amongft us. What I here offer to the Public,
is an Exprication of the AnciznrT BritTisH Toncug, once the common LancuaceE of Britain, and ftill preferved in aa PRINCI- PALITY of WALES. ~~ ,
As every ‘Branch of Learning has its Worth and Value, I flatter my felf that an Attempt to afcertain the true Force and genuine Signi- fication of a Language fo neceflary to the right Underftanding of our BririsH ANTI- quitizs, will not be quite without its Uf. -
Tue Knowxepce of LancuaGeEs Js an Accomplifhment not unbecoming a PRINCE ; and whilft You are advancing in the Know- ledge of the learned and polite Languages, You may perhaps have fometimes an Inclina- - tion to enquire into the Genius of the An- cieNT BririsH; which, tho’ it may want the refined Politenefs and Softnefs of fome modern Tongues, comes not fhort of any EuropEAN Lancuace in Point of Antiquity, Copiouf-
nefs and Independency. : May
[vy]
May Your Royat HIGHNEss go on to tread in the Steps of Your illuftrious Ances- Tors; and gain the univerfal Love of a grate- ful and loyal People, by manifefting the fame generous Concern for their Happinefs and Welfare. May Gop Almighty blefs our moft gracious SOVEREIGN with uninterrupted Health and Length of Days, that You may long enjoy the Benefit of his Instruction and Exampie; That, when his long and profperous Reign fhall have arrived at its Period, You may govern thefe Realms with the fame Equity, Mildnefs and Paternal Af- fection.
TueEse are the fincere Wifhes and fervent Prayers of every TRUE Briton, and are al- ways of him, who is with all poflible Refpeé and Duty,
Your RovAat HIGuHNESs’s moft humble, moft obedient,
moft devoted Servant,
. Thomas Richards.
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re Sy 2 ELE LE LE LE OOS Or Orsi esos rOcaroco boeo’ oa er 5
PREFACE.
SEIKI KK O80 LSI III HO IK
seks HE Britifh Tongue is allowed by all to be T Q. one of the moft ancient and leaft corrupted 7 Languages in this Weftern Part of the World:
And tho’ it be at prefent but of {mall Extent, being {poken only in the Principality of Wales, and in one Province of France, Britany; yet there hath been a Time (it feems) when it extended not only over the Ifland of Great-Britain, but over a great Part of the Continent of Europe. For it is maintained by many learned Men, * That the Ce/tz, or antient Gauls, were the fame People with the Britans, and (making an Allowance for fome {mall Variety in the Dialect) ufed the very fame Language. And, for Proof of this Af- fertion, they advance fuch Arguments as f{cem to be very {trong and conclufive; as—-That both Nations
* Vid. Camd. Britan. Paul. Merula Cof/mograph, Part Wl. Lib. iii. Cap. 15. Pezron’s Antig. of Nations. had
vill The PREFACE.
had the fame religious Ceremonies and fuperftitious Perfuafions; That both had their Druzds for Priefts to interpret the Myfteries of Religion, and their Bards to fing the great Exploits of famous Men;— That the Gauls, who would be throughly inftructed in the Dif- cipline of the Druzds, ufed to come over into Britain to our Druids, to learn it; * which they could not do, as the Druids had no Books, unlefs their Inftructions were given in the fame Language as that which was ufed by the Gau/s;—That both Nations had one and the fame Form of Government;— That they were ve- ry like in their Manners, Cuftoms, or Ways of Living; —That very many of the Ce/tic or Gallic Words, which are ftill preferved in Authors, agree very well with our Briti/h Words, both in Sound and Senfe;— That many Names of ° Cities, ‘ Mountains, * Rivers, &c. in France, which is the Country that was ancient-
@Difciplina in Britannia reperta, atque inde in Galliam tranflata effe exiftimatur. Et nunc qui diligentiis eam rem cognofcere vo- lunt, plerunque illd, difcendi caufla proficifcuntur. Ca/er de Bello Gallico. Lib. vi.
’ As the City Arelatum, now Arles, is derived from the Brit. Ar, Upon, and Liaith, Moift; becaufe fituated in a moift Ground; Uxellodunum, 2 Town of Guienne, now called Yflouldun, from the Brit. Uchel, High, and Din, a fortified Mount, &¢.
¢ As the Cevennes, from the Brit. Cefn; the Apennine Mountains, from the Brit. Pen, &c. Vid. Cefn and Pen in Lexico.
¢The River Arar, called in French, La Saonne, from the Brit. Araf, Slow; the Garumna, called now /a Garonne, from the Brit.
Garw, Rough, &c. Vid. drefand Garw in Lexico. ly
The PREFACE. ix ly called Gau/, and wherein that famous People dwelt, cannot be well accounted for, unlefs we have Recourfe to the Britijb. Thefe are fome of the Arguments, which are brought by learned Antiquaries, to prove the Britans and Gauls to be one and the fame People. Neither have the Britans any Reafon to difclaim their Defcent from that renowned and mighty Nation, who were fo famous fot their Military Atchievements ; and with whom the Romans themfelves, for many Years, maintained a War, not for Honour and Empire, but purely for Self-prefervation. And we have great Caufe to admire and celebrate the Divine Goodhefs towards us, that, after fo many Viciffitudes and Revolutions, notwwithftanding we have been conquered by the Ro- mans,—driven afterwards by the Saxons itito the moun- tainous Weftern Parts of this Ifland, and at laft fub- dued by the Normans, who fet themfelves to abolith our Language, making exprefs Laws to that Purpofe; yet our Name hath not been quite blotted out from under Heaven: We hitherto not only enjoy the true Name of our Anceftors, but have preferved entire and uncorrupted for the moft Part, (without any notable Change or Mixture with any other Tongue) that pri- MITIvE LANnGuAGE, fpoken as well by the antient Gauls as Britans {ome Thoufands of Years ago. The learned Abbot Pezron mentions this with Admiration, and counts it a Matter of great Honour to us. ‘“ The “ Language of the Titans, faith he, which is that of “the antient Gauls, is, after a Revolution of above “ Four Thoufand Years,- preferved even to our Time :
b “ A frange
x The P RE FACE,
‘A ftrange Thing, that fo antient a Language fhould “ now be fpoken by the rmorican Britons of France,
“« and by the antient Britans of Wales. Thefe are the ‘* People who have the Honour to preferve the Lan- “ guage of the Pofterity of Gomer, Fapbet’s eldeft Son, “‘and the Nephew of Shem, the Langnage of thofe * Princes called Saturn and ‘fupiter, who pafied for
** great Deities amongft the Antients,’”’
_ Anp as this Language has continued for fuch a long Series of Ages paft, fo we have no Reafon to doubt but that it is the Divine Wil that it be preferved to the End of Time, as we have the Word of Gop moft elegantly and faithfully tranflated into it. And our Tranflation of the Holy Scriptures feems to have one peculiar Advantage of mott modern Verfions, in that (as fome learned Men have obferved) the Hebrew Idi- oms, Phrafeology or Forms of Speaking, are retained, and that with great Propriety too, in the Briti/h. Sz phrafes, locutionum modes, orationis fyntaxin confidcres, (faith Dr. Davies) certé nec Greca nec Latina, minis vulgarium ulla, ita ad vivum Hebraifinos exprimit, ac Britannica: —- cum nulla feré univerfi Vet. Inftrumen-~ ti pagina occurrat, ubi non fape Hebraifmum, ad vi- vum imitetur Britannifinus. Nec tamen hic Hebraif- mos datd opera venamur, aut affettatd diligentid cudi- wus, fed quos adducimus meri funt Britannifint, lippis- atque tonforibus, zdiot’s, plebi, pueris, noti, vulgd ufi-
* Preface to his Antiq. of Nations. p. 12, 13- | tat.
Th PREFACE. xi
gat?.* And it hath been obferved, that our Language hath not only a great many Marks of the ortginal Sim- plicity of the Hebrew, but that a vaft Number of Words are found therein, that either exadtly agree with, or may be very naturally derived from, that Mother-Language of Mankind. And the learned Dr. Davies pofitively affirms, that the Briti/b Tongue hath a manifeft Agreement and Affinity with the Oriental Languages, in its Words, Phrafes, Compofition or Texture of Speech, and Pronunciation of its Letters, Aujim afirmare Linguam Britannicam tum vocibus, tum phrafibus & orationis contextu, tum literarum pronunci~
atione, manifeftam cum Orientalibus babere congruenti- am & affinitatem."
Bu T there is no Need of enlarging much on the Praife of this copious and antient Language. I fhall therefore give the Reader a fhort Account of the Work -——what Ends I propofed, and what Affiftances I re- ceived, in compiling this Dictionary. My greateft Aim in this Performance was, to contribute, as much as I could, towards making the orzginal Language of my Country more thoroughly and generally underftood by my Countrymen; and alfo towards their more eafy and expeditious Attainment of the Engii/h Tongue. An Undertaking this, which, I prefume, may juftly claim the Approbation of every Cambro-Britan. And, I
2 In Prefatione ad Grammaticam,
5 Vid. Dav, Pref. ad Lexicon, hope,
xil The PREFACE.
hope, every candid Reader will own, this End to be, in a great Meafure, anfwered, when he finds, in the following Work, the. various Significations of the Bri- tifh or Welfo Words diftinétly and fully noted, explain- ed and interpreted by proper Englt/b Words. The Ex- plications are fometimes enlarged, when any antient Cuftoms, or other Britifh Antiquities occurred to be explained. The Efymons of Words are alfo given, whenever they feemed plain and to be rationally dedu- ced. And every Body will own this to be an ufeful Piece of Knowledge; fince to be acquainted with the true Etimology of Wards, not only conduceg much to our underftanding their Meaning, but imprints the . Senfe of them in our Minds, and fixes them in our Memories. The Words, which are not now of com- mon Ufe, are often exemplified, either out of antient Britifh Authors, or out of fuch of the Maderns, as are allowed to have been perfect Critics in the Welfb Tongue. The Armoric alfo is here often inferted, and fometiny 3 the Cornifh, as they are but Dialects of the antient Britifb. It may afford Matter of Won- der, that a Colony of Britans, wha have fettled in France fince the foyrth Century’, do retain {till the Language, which their Anceftors carried over with
i The Britans of France, about the Year of CHRist 384, went over out of this Ifland under the Command of Conan, Lord of Me- riadoc, to the Aid of Maximus the Tyrant, againft the Emperor Gratianus. For this Service Maximus granted to Conan and his Fol-
lawers the Country of Arazorica. Wynne’s Hilt. of Vales, p.8. them;
The PREFACE. xiii
them ; whereas the Corni/h, here in Britain, have now (it feems) entirely loft the original Language of their Country, and mutt, if they defire to know the Signi- fications of the Names of Families, Places, &c. come over to Wales to learn them. Some IJri/h Words are inferted too, which agree with the Wel/h ; for the Iri/h Tongue is known to have a great Affinity with the Britifb, and is thought by fome to have been origi- nally the fame Language.
As to the Helps I received for this Performance from Works of this Kind publithed before, I muft ac- knowledge that the greateft Affiftance I had, was from Dr. ‘fohn * Davies's Dictionary; a Book which (to ufe the Words of that learned Prelate Dr. Nicolfon, Bifhop of ' Derry, concerning it) fhews its excellent Author to have been perfectly acquainted with all the Learned Languages as well as his own Mother-Tongue. It is to this learned Writer I am obliged for moft of the Words, which, from the Hebrew and other Oriental Languages, are inferted in the following Work, I have likewife made Ufe of all the Authorities or Examples, which he gives from antient Writers, as they are accu- rate Proofs of the Significations affigned to the Words they are fet under; And when I fet down any other
« Fohn Davies, D.D. was Rector of Mallwyd in Merionythfire. He publifhed his 7/4 Grammar, entitled, Antique Lingue Bri- tannica, &c. Rudimenta, in 1621; and his Dictionary, entitled, Antiqua Lingua Britannica, &c. Dictionarium duplex, in 1632,
Vid, Nicholfon’s Englifh Hittorical Dictionary, Vol I. p. 77, , Accept-
XIV The PREFACE. Acceptations of Words, befides thofe mentioned by the Doétor, or add any Words by him omitted, I often
exemplify them in the fame Manner. I have inferted all the Armoric Words too, which occur in his Work.
I own myfelf to have been much affitted too in this Performance by the ingenious Mr. Edward " Lhwyd's Archaeologia Britannica. That excellent Book furnifh- ed me with feveral Hundreds of Britifh Words, which are not to be met with in Dr. Davies’s Dictionary. It ws from the Archa«ologia 1 took the Cornifh, Irifh, and many of the Armoric Words. I perufed alfo the fame learned Antiquary’s Additions to that Part of Camden’s Britannia which relates to Wales, and fome of -his other Writings.
Tue learned Dr. Wotton’s Gloffary, at the End of the Welfp Laws, was likewife of no fmall Ufe to me, It is from that Work I excerp’d the Briti/h Terms of the Law, and feveral other Words, which occur in Prince Howrt Dpa’s Laws, that have been either wholly omitted, or not rightly interpreted in former Welfo Dictionaries.
= Edward Lhwyd, M, A. of Fefus College, and F.R.S. Keeper of the Afpmolean Mufeum in Oxford, died the 29th of ‘fune, 1709, and in the 49th Year of his Age. He intended to publifh a fecond Volume — ot his Archeslozia Britannica, which was to be an Hiftorical Dicti- onary of the Kings, Princes, Noblemen, Saints, Churches, Caftles, and of al! other remarkable Perfons and Piaces among the Anticnt Britaxs, wherecf any Mention is made in old Writings; but his untimely Death deprived Pofterity of that valuable Work.
Bur
The PREFACE. XV
But befides thefe learned Works, which lay always before me, and which I conftantly confulted with all that Application and Skill I was Mafter of, and a few other Works, which now and then afforded fome Af- fiftance; I have moreover, in order to render this Per- formance more compleat, made it my Bufinefs to pe~- rufe whatever Welf Manufcripts I could come at; and it has been my good Fortune to meet with large Col- leétions of the Works of the Poets, and fome antient Manu(cripts in Profe, From reading thefe, and Books in Print, and fome Obfervations of my own, but chief- ly from the Helps above-mentioned, this Work hath been improved to the Bulk wherein it now offers itfelf to the Publick, It was thought expedient alfo to pre- fix a compendious Wel/h Grammar to it, for the Sake of fuch as may be defirous to know the Rudiments of our Language. If I have been fo happy as to fucceed in this Performance, it will be no {mall Satisfaction to myfelf, and, I am confident, meet with a favourable Reception from my Countrymen. As they muft be allowed to be the moft competent Judges of the Work, fo I do not queftion but they will pafs their Judgment upon it with Ingenuity and Candour. I know too welt there are fome, who have fuch an Averfion to their Mother-Tengue, that they profefs an hearty Defire of feeing it entirely abolifhed, that no Remains of it may be left in this Ifland: So great an Eye-fore is the Lan- guage of their Fore-Fathers become unto rhem! But ¥ fhall neither regard nor value what Opinion fuch Per- fons may have of the Work, fince their Prejudice and
igno-
xvi The PREFACE,
Ignorance tender them altogether unfit to pafs a right Judgment upon it, Let them talk what they will of the Decreafe and Dwindling away of the We//h Tongue, and forebode; that in a few Ages it will be quite dri- ven out of Wales ; yet I fhall look upon that old Wel/b Gentleman as the truer Prophet, who being afk’d by Henry the Second; King of England, what he tho’t of the Strength of the Welfh, and of his Royal Expe- dition againft them, made his Anfwer in thefe Words: “This Nation may fuffer much, and may be in a “* great Meafure ruined, or at leaft very much weaken- “ed, O King, by your prefent and other futute At= “‘ tempts, as well as formerly it hath often been: But ** we aflure ourfelves, that it will never be wholly ruin- “ed by the Anger or Power of any mortal Man, un- *< lefs the Anger of Heaven concur to its Deftruction. “ Nor (whatever Changes may happen as to the other “ Parts of the World) can I believe, that any other “‘ Nation or Language befides the We//h, fhall anfwer “at the Great Day, before the fupreme JUDGE, “‘ for the greater Part of this Corner of the World,”’ Quid fibi videretur de viribus Britannorum, & regio in eos apparatu, interrogatus, re[pondit, Gravari pluri- maque ex parte deftrui, vefiris, Rex, aliorumque virt- bus, nunc ut olim & pluries, Gens ifta valebit : Ad ple-.
num autem propter hominis tram, nifi & ira Det con- currerit, non delebitur. Nec alia, ut arbitror, Gens.
guam Cambrica, nec alia lingua, pro parte majori, in die diftridi examinis, coram fupremo JUDICE, guic-
quid
The PREFACE, a
guid de ampliori contingat, pro hoc angulo re[pondebit." And the famous Poet Talefin, after he had fung of the Slaughter, Slavery and Captivity of the Britans, at laft has the following remarkable Tetraftich, which, with Dr. Davies’s Latin Tranflation, I fhall here give the Reader, and fo take Leave.
Eu Nér a folant, Eu hiaith a gadwant, Eu tir a gollant,
Ond gwy lit Walha.
Ufque laudabunt Dominum creantem,
Ufque fervabunt idioma lingua,
Arvaque amittent fua cuncta, preter Wallica rura.
» Camden ex Giraldo in topographia Wallie.
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AT Y
C Y¥ MR Y.,
RROAoopo aorgookochoHooko Hoohookogo ik Ko ogo oot oootooho Ho Rocko ofoofooto
KB 1 a feddyliais na byddai gymmwys na gweddus, ddan- Mie M¥, 8 fon y Geirlyfr hwn i’ch plith, heb ar yr un pryd eich ¥@ annerch yn neillduol yn ein Iaith ein hunain; gan mai er |
WRK cich mwyn chwi yn bennaf y cymmerais y Gorchwyl
pi a phoenus hwn yn llaw ar y cyntaf. Ni ddichon neb o ho- noch lai nag addef, mai un o’r Moddion goreu, tu ag at ymgeleddu a choledd unryw Iaith, a’i chadw rhag cael ei Ilygru a myned ar goll, yw “fgrifennu Geirlyfrau ynddi; Ile y gallo y fawl a chwen- nychont ei dyfgu a’i dyall, gyfarfod a’r Gair a fynnont, ynghyd a’t wir Ddeongliad, yn dangos ei iawn bwyll a’i yftyr. Ac yr wyf yn tybied, nad oes nemmor o un Iaith y dydd sasat fok yn holl Gréd, e unryw fri a chymmeriad, nad oes gan y Gened] a’t harferant y cyf- ryw Gynnorthwyon a hyn; fell y gallont eyrchu attynt, cyn fyny- ched ac y digwyddo iddynt gyfarfod ag un peth, mewn cyfeillach neu wrth ddarilain, a font yn anghydnabyddus ag ef; neu pan y mynnent lefaru neu “fgryfennu eu hunain yn addas, yn gywraint ac yn ddyallgar. Ac nid yw'r Gymraeg chwaith ddim yn gwbl ymddi- fad o’r fath Gymmorth a hyn. Er chwannocced yw gormodd © honom ni y Cymry, i ddiyftyru a dibrifio ein Tafodiaith ein hun- ain, etto fe fu bagad o Wyr dyfgedig o amfer bwygilydd yn ein Gwlad, y rhai ni chyfrifent ddim ei fod yn beth iflaw iddynt fawr- hau a choledd ew Hiaith: Y Gwyr da hyn a fuant megis cynnifer e.2 ; o Oleu-
XX At vy Cymry.
o Oleuadau iw Cydwladwyr, bob un yn ei Oes; a dyleu eu Coff- adwriaeth fod byth yn hoff ac yn anwyl gennym. I rai o honynt hwy yr ym yn rhwymedig am y Cyfieithiad par a didwyll fydd gennym o Air Duw yn Gymraeg; a rhai o honynt a ’fgrifennafant Ramadegau dyfgedig a Geirlyfrau, er mwyn gallu o honom ddyall ein Hiaith yn fwy cywraint a chyflawn.
Y Cyntar o ofododd allan Eirlyfr Cymraeg yn brintiedig oedd Gwilym Salifburi o'r Cae-di yn Llan Sannan, Gwr bonheddig. Fe anrhegodd Mr. Salifburi ci Lyfr i'r Brenin Harri yr Wythfed, cyn ei argraphu; a’r Brenin a fu foddlon iawn i’r Gorchwyl; a’r Gwaith hwn a brintiwyd yn Liundain, dan ei Nodded frenhinol Ef, yn y flwyddyn 1547. Yr oedd y Sai/neg yn hwn o flaen y Cymraeg. Eithr amhoffibl oedd i un dyn ddwyn peth mor galed ac anhawdd ac yw Geirlyfr Cymraeg i unryw berffeithrwydd ar unwaith. Am hynny y dywed y Dr. Defies am y Gorchwyl hwn, iddo anghwa- negu chwant dynion yn hytrach na’i ddigoni; Hac ejus opera homi- num defidertum auxit magis quam fatiavit. Eithr nid y Gwafanaeth hwn yn unig a wnaeth Mr. Salifburi dios ei Wlad; oblegid efe a gyfieithodd y Teffament Newydd i’r Cymraeg, yr hwn a argraphwyd yn Liundain yn y flwyddyn 1567. Hwn oedd y Teftament Cym- raeg cyntaf a brintiwyd erioed: ac y mae Epiftol neu Lythyr rha- gorol Rifart Dafies, Efgob Mynyw o’i flaen ef, yn wiw i bob Cymre ei ddarllain.
Amryw o Ddyfgedigion pennaf Cymru, yn chwennych boddloni dymuniad eu Gwladwyr, a acthant ynghylch “fgrifennu Geirlyfr Cymraeg yn Nheyrnafiad y Frenhines Eki/abeth; nid amgen y Do&or Morgan, Ficar Llanrhaiadr yn Mochnant, yr hwn a gyfieithodd y Bibl i’r Cymraeg; ac, yn 6l ci wir haeddiant, a ddyrchafwyd i fod yn Efgob Lian-Déf, ac a drofglwyddwyd gwedy’n i Efgobaeth Llan-Elwy; y Do&tor Dafydd Powel, Gwr gwybodus a chyfarwydd dros ben yn Hanefion yr hén Frutaniaid; yr Yfgolhaig mawr hwn- nw Joan Dafydd Rhys, yr hwn a fuafai fyw yn hir yn yr Jta/, ac a_ gymmerafai y Gradd o Ddoctor mewn Meddyginiaeth yn un o Brif- Yfgolion y Wlad honno, Awdur y Gramadeg argraphedig yn Liune dain yn y fl. 1592; Henri Perri, Gwr enwog am ei Wybodaeth o amryw Ieithocdd ; a Henri Salifburi o Ddél-belidr yn Sir Ddinbych,
Athro
At y Cymry. xxi Athro. o’r Celfyddydau a Meddyg dyfgedig, Awdur y Gramadeg a argraphwyd yn y fl. 1593. Ond ni ddaeth Geirlyfrau neb o'r Aw- duron dyfgedig yn allan mewn print; ac y mae yn debyg gennyf fi, na bu un o honynt fyw, i gwbl orphen ei waith, oddieithr Henri Salifouri yn unig.
Yr oedd, yn yr un amfer, Feddyg dyfgedig yn byw yng Ngwy- nedd, a elwid Tomas ab William, yr hwn, ynghylch y fl. 1600, a *fgrifennodd Eirlyfr Lladin a Chymraeg; ond ni argraphwyd hwn chwaith tra’r ydoedd ei Awdur yn fyw. Ym mhen talm hir o amfer gwedy'n, yr Athro dyfgediccaf hwnnw ‘Foan Dafies, Do&tor mewn Difinyddiaeth, Perfon Malhwyd ym Meirionnydd, ar 61 gorphen a hono ei Eirlyfr Cymraeg a Liadin, yn y fl. 1632, a fynnodd argra- phu Geirlyfr Lladin a Chymraeg Dr. Williams gyda’i waith gorcheftol ei hunan. Nid bychan y Iles a’r gwafanaeth a wnaeth y Gorchwyl rhagorol hwn i’r Cymry. Eithr pwy bynnag a yftyrio faint y prinder o'r Llyfr adiaeth hwn fydd ynawr yn ein plith; — nad oes uni gael er arian, oni ddigwydd gael ambell un o ddamwain weithiau, ym mhlith Llyfrau rhyw Wr dyfgedig, a font yn myned ar werth, ar dl ei farwolaeth ;—a chyda hynny, nad oes dim argoel chwaith gael et ail-argraphu ;— pwy bynnag a fynnio ar hyn, meddaf, a addef ond odid i mi gynnyg Gorchwy! buddiol a gwafanaethgar i’m Gwlad; er darfod i mi yfgatfydd (0 eiflau gallu yn well) fod yn ddiffygiol mewn rhai bethau wrth ei gwblhau. Nid oes yn y Geirlyfr hwn yn wir ond un Rhan, fef y Cymraeg o flaen y Saif/neg; ac o herwydd hynny ni ddichon gyflawni y diffyg o’r Geirlyfr Lladin a Chymraeg, Ond y mae ynddo rai filoedd o Eiriau Cymraeg chwaneg nag a gyn- nwyfir yng Ngeirlyfr Cymraeg a Liadin Dr. Dafies; a chyn fynyched ac y gellais ddal fulw, fod i Air unryw bwyll neu Yftyr, heblaw yr hyn a ddywed y Deéfor ei fod yn arwyddoccau, mi a fam ofalus am ofod hynny yn waftad i lawr. Nid oes na rhaid nag achos i mi gry- bwyll yma, o ba le y derbyniais Gynnorthwyon tu ag at hyn o Be- rwy!, gan fynegi o honof hynny eifoes yn fy Rhagymadrodd Sai/neg,
YR wyf yn tybied, y dichon y Geirlyfr hwn fod yn Iefol ac yn wafanaethgar afrifed i Frodorion Cymru, yn gymmaint ac y cant ynddo iawn arwyddoccad y geiriau anghynnefin a gyfarfyddont 4
vvnt wrth ddarllain eu hiaith cu hunain: ac y bydd hefyd yn gym-
morth
XXii Ar y Cymry.
morth nid bychan iw hyfforddi i ddyall, i fiarad, a fgrifennu Saf/~ neg yn gywir ac yn gelfydd, wrth eu bod yn cael yma Eiriau cym~ mwys yn y Iaith honno am eu Geiriau Cymraeg. Fe wyr pawb o honoch hefyd, fydd yn ymarfer 4 darllain yr Y/grythur lan yn eich Jaith enedigol, fod llaweroedd o Eiriau yn y Bibl Cymraeg, y rhai nid ydys ddim yn arferyd yn fathredig ac yn gyffredyn ynawr ym mhoéb cwrr o Gymru; ac am hynny ei fod yn gryn gymmwynas roddi cyflawn hyfpyfrwydd o’u harwyddoccad. Os bim i mor ddedwydd a gallu, wrth hyn o Waith, fod yn gynnorthwyol i chwi, tu ag at ddyall yn Ilwyrach ac yn fanylach eich laith gynhenid eich hunain; a thu ag at ei wneuthur yn haws ac yn rhwyddach hefyd i chwi ddyfgu Sai/neg, yr wyf gwedy cael fy Amcan: Fe bair hyn o Orchwy] foddlonrwydd dirfawr i mi fy hunan; acy mae’n ddilys gen- nyf na bydd na diroefaw nag anghymmeradwy gan bawb o’r Cymry hawddgar, fydd in hoffi Iaith eu Hynafiaid. Mi wn er hynny i gyd, fod amryw o’m Gwladwyr yn anfoddlon dros ben fod yr hen Fry- taniaith yn cael ei chadw a’i chynnal yn ein myfg; ac yn dymuno gacl o honi ei dilé a’i deol yn Ilwyr oddiar wyneb Gwlad Cymru, megis y cafas ei gyrru yn y ddau Ganfed ddiweddaf o Gerniw; on’d ni welaf i fawr argoel i’r dynion hyn gael byth weled eu gwynn. Y mae yn agos i fil o flynyddoedd bellach, er pan wnaeth Offa y Sais, Brenin Merfia, Glawdd yn cyrraedd o Jan Mor Hafren i lan Mor Gwerydd, i fod yn Derfyn rhwng Cymru a Liegr, yr hwn fydd iw weled hyd y dydd hwn; ond y mae Mr. Edward Lhwyd yn dywed- yd, fod i Iaith Gymraeg yn cael ei harferyd fyth dros encyd o ffordd y tu draw i’r Clawdd, a hynny o ben bwygilydd agos iddo. Y mae hyn yn dangos, nad yw ein Hiaith ddim yn treio mor gyflym ac y mynnai rai dynion beri i ni goelio; o herwydd ni allwn feddwl na ddiflannai hi yn un man yn gynt nag ar gyffiniau Lloegr. Yr unryw ddynion a achwynant yn gras ddigon, mai Iaith arw, glegyrnog, drofgl, afrwydd, ddyrys, ddiflas yw’r Gymraeg. A pha refwm fydd canddynt am roi hyn o anglod iddi? Dim yn y byd ond am na fe- drant hieu hunain. Y maent yn bwrw’r bai ar y Iaith, pan y maze yn gorwedd yn gwbl arnynt hwy eu hunain. Fe edrych pob Iaith yn chwith ac yn anhyfryd i’r neb ni fo yn ei gwybod. Ac onid yw yn cywilydd gwarthus iddynt hwy, fydd yn cymmeryd arnynt fod mor wybouus oddi gartref, ac mor hyfedr a chyfarwydd mewn [cith- eedd eraill, fod ar yr un pryd yn anwybodus gartref, heb fedru fiarad
At vy Cymry. Xxill
fiarad yn iawn, chwaethach darllain a ’fgrifennu Iaith eu Mammau, Nid gwiw difgwyl ar fod o’r Gorchwyl hwn wrth fQdd y fath ddy- nion; ac ni ddawr chwaith pa farn a roddont hwy arno.
Onp y mae hefyd lawer o Wyr da dyfgedig yng Nghbymru, yn caru eu hiaith yn fawr, ac yn barod i hyfforddi pob cais a chynnyg a wneler, tu ag at ei hegluro, a’i gwneuthur yn rhwyddach i bawb ei dyall. Nid wyf yn ammau na byddant hwy yn hynaws a thég ddigon, pan y bwriont olwg dros hyn o waith: ac ni farnant yn rhy galed, os digwydd iddynt gael rhai feiau ynddo. Fe allai i mi gamfynnied mewn rhai fannau; a gall fod rhai feiau gwedy ym- lithro i mewn trwy Wall y Cy/fsdydd, a minnau yn byw cyn belled oddiwrtho, fel na allwn ddiwygio’r Argraphiad fy hunan. Os bydd »’r fawl o honoch fydd Gymreigyddion cyfarwydd, pan gyfarfyddoch ag un peth amryfus neu gyfeiliornus yn y Geirlyfr hwn, fod mor fwyn a’m gwneuthur yn gydnabyddus; fe dderbyniir hynny yn ddi- olchgar fel cymmwynas caredig gan eich
F fyddlon Wafanaethwr,
Thomas Richards.
Lran-Grat LO, Dydd Calan-AMfai, 1751.
te
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N A M E S
OF THE
SUBSCRIBERS.
OROCOCO CHO OHO FOCHOOHO OHO OOOOH O30 HOO OHO OOS
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS GeorGE, Prince of Wales.
The Honourable and Right Reverend RicHarD (TReEvoR) Lord Bifhop of Durham. The Right Rev. THomas (Hayter) Lord Bifhop of Norwich. The Right Rev. Epwarp (Cresset) Lord Bifhop of Landaff. The Right Rev. Ropert (DRuMMonD) Lord Bifhop of St. Afaph.
The Right Honourable Simon, Earl of Harcourt. The Right Hon, Lord Tautsot, Baron Henfal.
Sir Tuomas Mostyn, of Moftyn, Barcnet, Member of Parlia- ment for Flintfhire.
Wiritram Morcan, of Tredegar, E/g; Member of Parliament fer Monmouthfhire.
Caper Hansury, of Pont-y-Pool, E/g; Member of Parliament fer Monmouthfhire.
Cuaries Enwin, of Lanmihangel, E/g; Member of Parliament
for Glamorganhhire. * AF JouN
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
Joun Lioyp, of Peterwell, E/g; Member of Parliament for Cardiganfhire.
THomas MorGAN, of Rhiwperrau, E/g; Adember of Parliament for Brecknockfhire.
Witiiam VauGHan, of Nanny and Cors-y-Gedol, E/g; Mem- ber of Parliament for Merionythhhire.
Hersert Mackwortu of Gnoll, Ef; Member of Parliament for Cardiff. .
CuHauncey Townsenn, E/g; Member of Parliament for Wek- bury.
Sir coaces Tuomas, of Gwaynvo-Caftle, Baronet, Member of Parliament for Chippenham.
Sir Tuomas Sarussury, Knight, L.L. D. Fudge of the High Court of Admiralty of Great Britain.
Sir THOMAS STEpNEY, of Lonelly, Baronet. Sir Epwarp Manset, of Trumfarn, Baronet. Sir PerEr Tuomson, Knight.
A
John Adams, of Whitland, £/9;
William Aldey, cf Hardwick, E/9;
Rev. James Allen, A. M. Vicar of Yazor. Herefordjbire. Mr. Jofeph Ames, F. R. 8S.
. B
John Barker, of Bryn-Madyn, £/9;
itr. John Barlow, of Briftol.
Wilhan Baffet, junior, of Mifkyn, Gent.
Chriftopher Baffet, junior, of Lanlay, Gent.
Rev. Thomas Baflet, Reor of Eglwys Browyfe. 2.
William Baynton, of Gray’s- Inn, London, E/9;
John Beavis, M. D. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Bertin. Reverend Ofman Beauvoir.
‘Thomas Bennet, of Lalefton, Gent.
Mrs. Bevan, of Laugharn.
‘Tnomas Bevan, of Fenycoed, £/4;
Paul Bevan, of Swanfea, Grut.
Mr. Hopkin Bevan, of Lidiart.
John Bevans, of Neath, Gent.
Rev. Mr, Bigg, of Worting. Hants,
Mr. John Bradford, of Bettws. 2.
Rev. William Bradfhaw, B. D. Rector of Stonesfield.
James Brifco, E/g; Colledfor of the Cuftoms at Beaumaris.
Rev, James Brooks, 4. M. ReGor of Lannarih.
Mr. Abraham Brown, of Briftol. Mr.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Mr. Jofeph Ofborn Bruce, Merchant.
Rev. Henry Burgh, 4. M. of Monmouth.
Mr. George Buh, of Briftol.
Mr. Robert Bulkley, of Jefus College, Oxford.
Rew. Thomas Burton, D, D. Arch-Deacon of St. David's, Rev. Deodatus Bye, of Maidftone, in Kent.
Cc
William Cadogan, M. D. of London.
Mr. William Cadwaladr, of London.
Mr. John Cadwaladr, of Lianfawr.
John Carne, of Nath, Ef;
Rev. Charles Carne, 4. M. Prebendary of Landaff. Rev. Philip Charles, of Cadycymmar.
Robert Carreg, E/g; ColleZor of the Cuftoms at Caernarvon, Rew. Thomas Charles, B. 4. Vicar of Pendaulwyn, Anthony Chute, of the Vine, in Hamphhire, E/7; Mifs Jenny Clark, of Gloucefter.
Hugh Clough, of Glanywern, E/7;
Rew. Thomas Cooke.
Mr. David Collins, of Oxford.
Pierce Cornifh, of Cowbridge, E/q;
John Crofts, Gent.
William Curre, of Clementfton, Efqs 6.
Mr. George Crofs, of Brittol.
Rev. Mr. Crow, Mafter of the Grammar-School at Rofs.
D
Rev. Edward Davies, 4. M. Prebendary of Landaft. Rev. Pryce Davies, 4. M. Vicar of Talgarth, Rev. William Davis, of Briftol, 4. M. Morgan Davies, of Coomb, E/7; Grifith Davies, Co/leéor of the Cuffoms at Norwich, E/9; Kew. William Davies, L. L. B. Reéer ef Llanbedr. Rev. Thomas Davies, Curate of Yitrad-Tyfodog. Rew. Samuel Davies, of Merthyr. Hugh Davies, of ‘Tref-Caftell, in Anglefey, Gent. Commiffioner of the Court of Reguefis, Weltminfter. Mr, James Davis, Deputy-Regifter of Landaf. Mr, Daniel Davies, Lide-Surveyor at Norwich. Mr. Thomas Davies, of Beaumaris. Mr. Lewellin Davies, Cormener of Jefus College, Oxford. Thomas Davies, of the Nawvy-Ofice, London, Gent, Rey. Evan Davies, of Caermarthen. Mr. Robert Davis, of Machen. Mr, Jothua Davies, ‘ Rv, Llewelin Davies, Vicar of St. Harmon. *A2*® Riv,
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Rev. Howell Davies, of Parke.
Mr, John David, of Margam.
Mr. Samuel David, ef Coychurch.
Mr. William David, of Merthyr.
Mr, Ecs.ard David, ef Merthyr.
Matthew. Deere, of Ath-Hall, E/¢s
John Denman, of Holywell, Gent.
Mr. \Villiam Dowle, of Ynys-y-Maerdy.
Reo. Daniel Darel, 4.M. Prebendary of Landaff. 2. Mr. David Durel, B. A. Commoner of Pembroke-College, Oxford. Thomas Durel, E/q; Vifcount of the Ifle of Jerfey. Mijs Sufanna Durel, of Cowbridge.
E
Rev. John Edmunds, 4. M. Fellcav of Oriel College, Oxford. Thomas Edmonds, of Cowbridge, Gent. Rowland Edwardes, of Lanmiloe, Ej; Rev. Thomas Edwards, 4. M. Fellow of Jefus College, Oxford. Rev. John Edwards, B.A. Curate of Warminfter. 3. Capt. Edward Edwards, of Bolton ix New-England. Stephen Edwards, of Aberyftwyth, Gent. Mr. John Edwards, of London. Mr. Benjamin Edwards, of Abergavenny. Rev. Hough Edwards, Vicar of Cwm-y-Toyddwr, Mr. John Edward, cf Abermeyrick. Mr. Humphry Edward, of Bala. Mr. Thomas Elias, of Margam. Mr. William Elias, of Anglefey. Rev. Thomas Ellis, B. D. Miuiffer of Holyhead. Mr. Richard Ellis, Commoner of Jefus College, Oxford. John Ellis, of Glanywern, Gent. Rev, Evan Euttance, 4. M. Vicar of Abergavenny. William Evans, of Fagle’s-Buth, E/g; Owen Evans, of Pennant, F/; Charles Evans, of Faenol, E/g; Rev, John Evans, 4. M. Redtor of Eglwys Gymmun. Rev. Hugh Evans, 4, M. Reéior of Landow. Rew, James Evans, Ficar of Marfbfield. Rev. James Evans, 4. M. of Magdalen College, Oxon. Rev. John Evans, B. d. Curate of Llanbenlan. Anglefey, \ Mr. Evan Jenkin Evan, of Merton College, Oxford. Mr. Rice Evan», of the King’s Priating-Oj.ce, London, Mr. Hugh itvans, of London. Mr, Charles Evans, of Long-Acre, London. Rey. Benjanin Evans, Rector of Kilrhedin, Mr, Wiitiam Evans, «f Glamorgan. | Mr. Jonn Evans, of Blaen-y-Cwm. dir. John Evans, f Bala. Thamas
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
F
Thomas Farr, E/g; of Briftol.
Rev. Mr. Farrington, 4. M. ReGor of Lianarmon and Llangyby. Mr. John Fidkin, of Hartlebury, Worcefterfhire.
John Fewtrell, of the Inner Temple, £/y;
William Fortune, of Monmouth, £79;
Rev. Henry Foulkes, of St. Margaret Patton.
Charles Frederick, E/g; Surveyor General of the Ordnance.
Mr. John Frew, Scholar of Jefus College, Oxford.
G
John Gamage, of Aber-Garw, Gent.
Mr. Daniel Gallon, of London, Merchant.
Mr. Oliver Gammon, of Bithopfgate-Street, London.
Mr. William George, of Merthyr.
Rev. Mr. Godwin, B.D. Fellow of Babiwol College, Oxon. John Griffith, of Carreg-Ilwyd, E/g; 2.
Rev. Richard Griffith, of Carreg-llwyd, 4.M. Vicar of Caernarvon, Chriftopher Griffith, of Winterbourn, E/g; Hugh Griffith, of Bryn-odl, £/9;
Edmund Griffith, of she Inner Temple, Gent.
Mr. Richard Griffith, Agent to Sir ' Thomas Moftyn, Baronet. 2, Howell Griffith, of Tréf-y-rhjg, Gent.
Mr. Lewis Griffith, of Colwinfton.
Rev. Jeremiah Griffiths, of St. John’s, Wapping.
Mr. John Griffiths, of London, Merchant.
Emanuel Gunnis, of Cavendifh-Street, London, Gent.
Mr. William Gunter, of Brecon,
Rev. John Gwillim, A. M. of Llanddewi-Yftradeny. Marmaduke Gwynne, of Garth, E/g;
Howel Gwynne, of Broadway, E/q;
Rew. Luke Gwynne, A. M. Precentor of Brecon, &e. Roderick Gwynne, of Glanbran, E/9;
Air. John Gwynne, of the Hay.
H
The Worfhipful George Harris, L.L. D. of Doctors-Commons, Rev. William Harris, 4. M. Prebendary of Landaff.
Rew. George Harris, Refor of Lanmadock.
Rew. Richard Harris, Vicar of Llantrifaint.
Rev, William Harries, 4. M. of Laugharn.
Rew. John Harries, B. 4. Vicar of St. U{mael.
Rew. Solomon Harries, of Swanifea.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Mr. Robert Harris.
Jofeph Harris, E/g; His Majefty’s Affay-Mafler in the Mint. 4.
Mr. Miles Harris, of Pont-y-Pool.
Mr. George Harewell, of Crudwell, Wilts.
Mr. John Harding, of George's Coffze-boufe, London,
Mr. David Harry, of Gofton.
Rev. David Havard, 4. M. Vicar of Abergwily.
Mr. David Hay, of Margam.
Rev. Thomas Henfley, Reéor of Colwell, Herefordthire.
Mr. Nicolas Herbert, of Aberdare.
Mr. Thomas Howldy, of Briftol.
Mr. William Hooper, of Briftol.
Owen Holland, of Conway, E/q;
Mr. William Holland, of Lincoln’s-Inn.
Rev. Benjamin Holloway, L.L. D. Recor of Middleton-Stony. Oxfordth.
Rev. Nehemiah Hopkyns, B.D. Redtor of Lantrithyd,
Thomas Hopkins, of Stanhope-Street, London, E/g;
Leyfon Hopkins, of Gnoll, Gert.
Rev. Charles Hofkins, 4. M. of Witney, Oxfordhhire.
Mr. Robert Howard, Collector of the Cufloms at Conway.
Walter Rice Howel, of Maefgwin, E/y;
Mr, Evan Howel, of Margam.
Mr. Thomas Hudfon, of Spittal-fields, London.
Mr, George Hudfon, of Southwark.
Rev. David Hughes, B.D. Fellow of Queen’s College, Cambridge.
Owen Hughes, £/g; Commoner of Jelus College, Oxford.
Rev. Thomas Hughes, Mafter of Ruthin School.
Rev. John Hughes, B.A. Rector of Liandegfan.
Rev. John Hughes, B. 4. Curate of Penmynydd.
Mr. David Hughes, Agent of the Mines at Cwmfymlog. Cardiganhhire.
Mr. Richard Hughes, of Parliament-Street, Weftminiter, S/arer to His Majefty.
Mr. Thomas Hughes, Mafter of the Welth School on Clerkenwell-Green, London.
Mr. Robert Hughes, of York-Street, London.
Rev, Cornelius Humphreys, of the Tower, London.
Humphrey Humphreys, cf Swithin’s Lane, London, Genre.
Rev. Dr. Hunt, Canon of Chrift’s Church, and Regius Profesor of Hebrew in the Univerfity of Oxford.
Mr. Lewis Hopkins, of Landevoduck.
Mr. James Hugh.
ee
Rev, William James, Refor of Lianbamlach. Mr, Reynald James, of Lanifhen. Rey. William James, of Chrift’s Church. Mr. Rowland Jay, of Penmark. Kev. John Jenkins, B, A, Vicar of St. Bride’s Major. Griffith
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Griffith Jenkins, of Hendre-Owen, Gezt.
David Jenkins, of Rhiw-Winder, Gent.
Watkin Jenkins, of Margam, Gent. [ deceas'd
Mr. Rees Jenkins, of Henfol, chief Agent to the Right Honourable. the Lord Talbot.
Mr. Lewis Jenkins, of Merthyr.
Mr. David Jenkin, of Cae’r-Cady.
Mr. Thomas Jenkins, ef Bedlinog-Kelligare.
Denham Jepfon, of Lantrithyd, £/9;
JESUS Cotrece Lisrary.
Mr. Rees John, of Margam.
Mr. Evan John, of Landyfodog.
The Rev. and Worfeipful Henry Johnfton, L.L.D. Chancellor of the Diocefe of Landaff.
oe Worfbipful Edward Jones, L.L. D. Chancellor of the Diocefe of St. David's.
Rew. Arthur Jones, Vicar of Landeilo-Pertholey.
Rev. Griffith Jones, Vicar of Landewy-Velffrey.
Rev. Henry Jones, ReGor of St. Hilary.
Rev. Hugh Jones, Rector of Bodffary.
Rev: Lewis Jones, Recor of Lianbedrog.
Rev. Thomas Jones, 4. M. Fellow of Jefus College, Oxford.
Rev. William Jones, 4. B. Curate of Llanvair.
Rev. John Jones, B. 4. of Jefus College, Oxford.
Rev. Owen Jones, 4. iM. of Brentwood, Effex.
Mr. Ellis Jones, of Jefus College, Oxford.
Edward Jones, of Bagillt, E/9;
Hugh Jones, of Cymmuned, £/7;
Evan Jones, of Ynys-Arwed, E/g;
Hugh Jones, of Gelli-waftad, Gent.
Mr. Charles Jones, Proéfor of the Confiftorial Court of Landaff.
William Jones, of Stowey, ix Somerfetthire, E/7;
Thomas Jones, of Pen-y-Kerrig, E/q;
John Jones, of Garthgynan, Gent.
Griffith Jones, of Pant-yr-haidd Gent.
John Jones, of Pentref-Mawr, Gent.
Mr. Daniel Jones, of Neath, Surgeon.
Mr. Danie] Jones, of Neath, Tanner.
Mr. John Jones, of the Tower, London.
Mr. ‘Thomas Jones, of the Exchequer.
BMr. Thomas Jones, of Gray’s-Inn, London.
Mr. Jehothaphat Jones, of Margam.
Mr. Edward Jones, of Aberavon.
Mr, Owen Jones.
Mr, Wheldon Jones, of Rotherhithe.
Mr, William Jones, Tide-wwaiter in the Port of London.
Mr. Andrew Jones, of Broadftreet. Hill, London.
Mr. Benjamin Jones, of the Vidualling-Ofice, London. i
f
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES
Mr. John Jones, of Clerkenwell, London. Mr. Sylvanus Jones, of Landiffill.
Mr. John Jones, of Briftol.
Mr. Morgan Jones.
K
Rev. Watkin Knight, Re@or of Reynolflon. . Richard Knight, Gent.
William Knight, of Gilfach, Gent.
Thomas Kyfhn, of Maenan, E/9;
L
Theophilus Lane, of Hereford, E/¢3
Mr. John Lay, of Briftol.
Rev. Mr. Lebeg. | |
Thomas Lewis, of Lanifhen-Houfe, E/;
Lewis Lewis, of Winfe, E/g;
John Lewis, of King’s-Street, Caermarthen, E/9;
Rev. Henry Lewis, B. 4. Fellow of Jelus College, Oxford. ' Edward Lewis, of Penlline, Gent,
Howel Lewis, of Jermyn-Street, London, Gent. |
Mr. Daniel Lewis, of Merthyr.
Mr. John Lewis, of Merthyr.
Thomas Lewis, of Cadoxton juxta Neath, Gent.
Mr. John Lewis, of Haverford-Welt, Merchant.
Henry Lewelin, of Cardiff, Gent.
Morgan Lewelyn, of Blaen-gwrach, Gen.
Rev. Pyers Libanus, A.M. Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Rev. Charles Lyttleton, L.L. D. and F.R.S. Dean of Exeter. John Llewellyn, junior, of Ynyfygerwyn, Gent.
Edward Lloyd, of Pengwern, E/g; Deputy Secretary at War. Thomas Lloyd, of Abertrinant, F/;
Bell Lloyd, of Pont-Ruffydd, Eig; -
Lewis Lloyd, E/g; Collector of the Cuficms at Holyhead. Lewis Lloyd, of Gernos, £/¢;
Rev. Charles Lloyd, 4. B. Vicar of Liandevalleg.
David Llwyd, of Berllan-dowill, E/g;
Rev. Thomas Llwyd, A. M. of Brittol.
Walter Long, of South-Wraxhall, Wilts, £/g;
Captain Michael Lort.
Mr. Godfrey Lowe, of Friday-Street, London.
John
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
M
John Maddocks, of rhe Middle Temple, E/7;
Edward Maddocks, of Fron-Yw, £/q;
Anthony Maddocks, of Kevenydva, Gent.
Mr. Evan Maddocks, ef Coyty.
Thomas Mathews, of Landaff, E/g;
Mr. Lemuel Matthews, of Briftdl.
Mr. Richard Maurice, B. 4. of Jefus College, Oxford.
Mr. John Maurig.
Richard Mead, M.D. and F.R.S. and Coll. Med. Lond. |
Rev. James Le Merchant, B.D. Fellow of Jefus College, Oxford, aud ReGor of Roflilly.
Mr, Timothy Meredyth, of Chrift-Church College, Oxford.
Mr. Thomas Merrick, of Thames-Street, London.
John Middleton, of Briftol, M. D.
Rev. William Miles, 4.B. Prebendiry of Salifbury, and Re&or of Cowbridge.
betta Miles, of the Tower, London, £/9; illiam Millet, of Frampton-Cotterell, Gent.
Mr. Henry Mores.
Rev. John Morgan, D. D. |
Rev. James Morgan, B.A. Reéfor of Lanmihangel.
Rev. Morgan Morgan, 4. M. Fellow of Jefus Colege, Oxford.
Rev. William Morgan, Refor of Pool.
William Morgan, of St. Donat’s Caftle, Gent.
Thomas Morgan, of Landough, Gent.
Robert Morgan, of Caermarthen, Geat.
Fulford Morgan, of Abergavenny, Gent.
Mr. William Morgan, of Bridge-End.
Mr. Roget Morgan, ProGor of the Confiforial Court of Landaff.
Mifs Anne Morgan, cf Lanelly ia Breconfhire.
Mr. James Morgan, of Cowbridge.
Mr. Charles Morgan, of the Middle Temple.
David Morgan, of Tal-y-bont, Cardiganfhire.
David Morgan, Miner at Efgair-y-Mwyn, Cardiganhire.
Henry Morgans, of St. Dials, Gent.
Rew. Henry Morris, Refor of Llanfachreth.
Rew. Samuel Morris. <8 |
Lewis Morris, of Gallt-Fadog, E/g; Superintendant of his Majefty’s Minesy and Colle&or of the Cufioms at Aberdovey.
Richard Morris, of the Navy-Office, London, Gent. 6.
Mr. Wiliam Morris, Comptroller rp the Cuftoms at Holyhead.
Mr. Robert Morris, of London, Merchant.
Valentine Morris, of Piercefield, E/7;
Mr. David Morris, of Coleman-Street, London.
Mr. David Morris, of Fryars, Merchant.
Mr, Robert Morty, of Charterhoufe-Street, London.
Mr. Thomas Mofion, Comprreller of the Cuftomt at Beaumaris.
*Be Jol
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES:
John Moftyn, of Segrwyd, E/g; John Myddleton, of the Inner Temple, £/7; William Myddleton, of the Inner Temple, Gent.
N
Whitlock Nicholl, of Ham, E/9;
William Nicholls, of Cae-Main, Gent.
Rev. William Noble, of Gray’s-Inn, 4.M. Rev. Richard Vaughan Norman, of Caerleon.
Sea 2
O
Rew. Humphrey Owen, B. D. aed Principal Librarian of the Univerfity of Oxford.
Rev. Thomas Owen, 4. M: Refor of Aberffraw.
Rev. Owen Owen, ReGor of Lianieftyn.
Rev. Lewis Owen, Re@or of Llanallyo.
Rev. Gronwy Owen, of Ofweltry.
Edward Owen, of Denbigh, Gent.
James Owen, of Denbigh, Gent.
Mr. Hugh Owen, of Cae’r-Berllan.
John Owen, of Holyhead, Gent.
John Owen, of Pryfaddfed, ix Anglefey, £7;
William Owfley, Gent. Brecon.
P
Paul Panton, /enxior, of Bagillt, E/q; Paul Panton, of Lincoln’s-Inn, E/g; Thomas anton, of Leghorn, Merchant. Rev. Thomas Pardo, D. D. Principal of Jefus College, Oxford. 2. ges Parry, of the Middle Temple, E/g; obert Parry, of Pwllhalog, Flintthire, and of Ifleworth, Middlefex, E/7; Rev. Henry Parry, 4. B. Ufeer of Beaumaris School. William Parry, of the Orduance-Office at Kingfton, Jamaica, Gent. John Parry, of Rhiwabon, Telynior. Mr. James Parry, of Briftol. Mr. John Parry, of Abergavenny. Mr. William Parry. ohn Parker, of St. Paul’s Church-yard, London. ev. Mr, Patten, B.D. Fellow of Corpus Chrilti College, Oxon. ‘Thomas Pennant, ef Downing, E/9; Edward Pennant, of Bagillt, £/q; Rev. Vincent Perronett, Vicar of Shoreham. Kent. James Philipps, of Pentypark, F/4; Rev. John Philipps, ef Llwynerwn, L.L. B. John Phillips, cf Coed-Gain, E/7; Vaughan Phillips, E/g; Lend-swaiter in the Port of London. Charles Philips, ef Gelli-bér, E/7;
John Philips, <f Brecon, E/7; Thomas
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
Thomas Philips, of Newport, E/q;_
Mr. Henry Philips, of Wrexham.
Rev. Edward Philips, B.4. Recor of Maefmynis. Robert Pierce, of the War-Office, Gent.
Mr. Thomas Prerce, of Compton. Gl.
Anthony Pollet, of the Tower, London. Gent. Thomas Popkin, jun. of Foreft, E/q;
Anthony Potwell, of Coetre-hén, E/q;
Roger Powell, of Genau’r-Glynn, E/g; (deceafed.) 2. William Powell, of Lanharan, E/9;
Rev. Gervafe Powell, L.L. B. Reor of Lanveigan. Thomas Powell, of Nanteos, E/g; (deceafed. ) Thomas Powell, of Tondi, E/;
John Powell, of Swanfea, E/7;
Richard Powell, of Neath, Gent.
‘William Powell, of Brecon, Gent. 2,
Mr. David Powell, of Abergavenny. 2.
Rev. David Price, B.D. Fellow of Jefas College, Oxford.
Rev. Rice Price, B. D. Fellow of Winchefter College, Cambridge,
Rev. John Price, 4. M. of Briftol.
Rev. John Price, Vicar of Kilken.
Rev. James Price, Vicar of Bettws-Abergele. James Price, of Kilgwyn, E/q
Thelwal Price, of Mathafarn, Denbighfhire, E/g; William Price, of Rhiwlas, E/9;
Captain Richard Price, of Faenol.
Rew. Samuel Price, of Fenchurch Street, London. Samuel Price, of Coyty, Gent.
Rev. William Price, Curate of Lanon.
Rev. Rees Price, of Llanllenwel. —
Rev. Lewis Price, 4. B. Curate of Eglwys-Rhos. Rev. David Price, 4..B. Curate of Lianfanfraid. Morgan Price, of New-houfe, Gent.
John Price, of Colethill, Gent.
Mr. Henry Price, of Fenchurch-Street, London, Mr. Evan Price, of Builth.
William Prichard, of Lantrifaint, Gent.
Thomas Prichard, of Merthyr, Gent.
Mr. Morris Prichard, of Pentre’r-Annell. Anglefey. Mr. Thomas Prichard, of Llanllechyd, Caernarvonhhire. John Pritchard, of Campftone, E/7;
Rev. Mr. Pritched, 4. M.
Rev. Thomas Prothero, 4. M. Vicar of Llywel.
R
Mr. Robert Raikes, ef Gloucefter.
John Ravenfcroft, of Laugharn, £/9;
Jemmet Raymond, of Wolverton, Hants, E/9; *B2*
William
SUBSCRIBERS NAME §
William Rea, of Welfhpool, Gent.
Hopkin Rees, of St. Mary-Hill, E/;
Hopkin Rees, of Curfitor- Street, London, Gent.
Morgan Rees, of Trallwng, Gent.
David Rees, of Neath, Gert.
Rev. Oakley Rees, Vicar of lieeee:.
Rev. Thomas Rees, Vicar of Meydrim.
Edward Rees, of Jefus College, Oxford, Gent.
Mr. Hopkin Rees, of Glynn-Corrwg.
Mr. Rowland Rees, of Monithyfloyn.
Mr. Thomas William Rees, o v ditto.
Mr. James Relly, of Pembro
. George Rice, of Newton, E/q;
Rev. Hugh Rice, Reéor of Pendine.
Mr. Morgan Rice, of Thames-Street, London.
Rev. John Richards, L. L. B. Mafter of the Grammar-Schiol at Well, Somerfetthire. 6.
Roderick Richardes, of Penglaig, Cardiganfhire, and of the Navy Office, London, E/7;
Rev. David Richards, Curate of St. Clears.
Mr. Thomas Richards, of the New-Paflage.
John Richard, of Tre-vach, Gent,
Mr. Lewis Richards, of Margam.
Mr. Edward Richards, School” Mafter at Yftrad-Meirig.
Rev. Mr. Robbins, of Wolverton, Hants.
William Roberts, of Bodiér, Hants.
William Roberts, of Bodiér, Anglefey, £/q;
Philip Roberts, of Argoed, Flinthhire, and of Copthall-Court, Lond. E/q;
Mr. Morgan Robert, Schoolmajier at Caftletown.
Chriftopher Roberts, of Gofton, Gent.
Mr. John Roberts, ef Caernarvon.
Mr. Robert Roberts, of Cloth-Fair, London.
Mr. John Roberts, of London, Difiiller.
Mr. Hugh Roberts.
Mr, Thomas Roberts, of Swanfea.
Rev. John Roberts, M. B. of Rofs.
Mr. John Roberts, of London, Sugar-baker,
John Robertfon, M. D. of Pitcomb, Somerfethhire,
Rev. James Robotham, B. A, Vicar of Bafaleg.
Mr. Abraham Rowlands, of Lifvane.
Rev. Daniel Rowland, of Langoitho.
Mr. Thomas Rowland, of Lianfawr.
Rev. ‘Thomas Rutter, Vicar of Llanynys.
Alr, John Rudhal, of the Ircu Founaery in Britto}.
S
John Salifbury, of Lianwdden, Gert. : R.v. Mr. Sandford, B.D. Fellow of Baliol College, Oxon. Rey,
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Rev. Edmund Sandford, Vicar of Laugharn,
Mr. Francis Savage, of London.
Lewis Saunders, of Norton, Gent.
William Sgunders, of Glanrhwdw, Gent.
Rew, William Savours, B.A. Vicar of St. Donat.
Edward Savours, of Merthyr-mawr, Gent.
Mr. Robert Savours, of Margam.
Alexander Scurlock, of Caermarthen, Gext,
Rev. Samuel Seyer, of Briftol, A. M.
Mr. James Short, F. R. S.
Rev. Jofeph Simons, of Neath.
Francis Smedley, of Holywell, Gent.
Colcne! Stevenfon.
William Stodart, of Deganwy, E/7;
Mr. William Stodart, B. 4. of Chrift’s-Church College, Oxford,
Rev. GuyStone, A.M. of Dimock, Gl.
Mr. William Stuart.
Rev. Dr. Stukely, F.R.S. and Coll. Med. and Reétor of St. George the Martyr, Queen’s Square, London. 3.
Mr. Richard Summers, of Haverfordwett, Merchant.
Rev. William Sutton, of Holywell.
Mr. Edward Sutton, Recorder of Holywell,
az
TheHonourable and Reverend Mr. George Talbot.
Rew. Mr, Thomas Talbot, of Margam.
Wilham Taylor, fenior, of Holywell.
Mr. Vaac Taylor, of Birmingham.
Nathaniel Taynton, of Cowbridge, Gent.
Edward Thomas, of Tregrofe, E/;
Rev. Morgan Thomas, A.M. Reéfor of Lougher. Rev. John Thomas, B. 4. Redor of Kil-y-bebyll. David Thomas, of Pwllywrach, E/q;
Rew, Jofeph Thomas, Redor of Cadoxton juxta Barry. Rev. Elias Thomas, Vicar of Michaelfton Torr-y-Mynydd. Rev. Mr. Robert Thomas, of Chrift-Church College, Oxford. Rev. Grifith Thomas, Curate of Lanegwad.
Rev. David Thomas, of Pont-ar-Ddulas.
Rev. Evan Thomas.
Henry Thomas, of Nottage, E/7;
Mr. Adam Thomas, Scholar of Jefus College, Oxford. Lewis Thomas, of Eglwys-Nunyd, Gent.
Dr, Noah Thomas, of Carey-Street, London,
Edward Thomas, of Lanfannwr, Gent.
Wilitam Thomas, of Langan, Gent,
John Thomas, of the Lottery-Ofice, London, Gent. James Thomas, of Lantrifaint, Gent.
SUBSCRIBERS NAME §& Mr. Morgan Thomas, of the Temple, London. , Thomas Thomas, of Colwinfton, Gent. Rees Thomas, of Lanon, Gent. Thomas Thamas, of Abernant in Cadoxton juxta Neath, Gent. Mr. Robert Thomas, ef Gnoll. | Mr. Rees Thomas, of Aberdare. Mr. John Thomas, of Bridg-End, Mr. Mofes Thomas, of Lifvaen. Mr. Edward Thomas, of Lanedern. Mr. William Thomas, ef Margam. Mr. William Thomas, of the Corner-houfe, Margam. Mr. Daniel Thomas, of Merthyr. - Mr. David Thomas, of London. Mr. William Thomas, ef London. Mr, Hatry Thomas, of Dulas, iz Anglefey. Mr. Richard Thomas, of Briftol. Mr. David Thomas. Rev. Elias Thomas, Re@or of Lanvihangel-Tor-y-Mynydd. Rev. John Thomas, A. M. Reétor of Langibby, Monmouthhhire. Mr. Timothy Thomas, Pa/or of Aberdcer, Rew. Philip Thomas, ¢f Fonmon-Cattle. Mr. Edward Thomas, of Llianfawr. Colonel John Towgood. Lewelyn Treharn, of Caftellau, Gent. Mr.Thomas Truman, of Dyer’s Valley. Mr. Ed. Trimly. Mrs. Trygarn, of Berw. Rew. Jofiah Tucker, A.M. Prebendary of St. David's, and ReG&or of St. Stephen’s, Briftol. Richard Turbervill, of Ewenny, Ef;
Vv
Gwynn Vaughan, E/9; Commiffoner of His Moajefty’s Cufloms.
Eugene Vaughan, of Plas-gwynn, E/g;
William Gwynn Vaughan, of Trebarried, £/9;
William Vaughan, of Tregare, E/q;
Robert Howel Vaughan, £/7;
Mrs. Vaughan, of Derwydd.
John Vaughan, of London, Merchant.
Rev. Edward Vaughan, Redcfor of Papworth ia Cambridgehhire.
Daniel Venables, of London, Merchant.
Bt Edward Vernon, D. D. ReGor of St. George’s, Bloomfbury.Square, ondon.
Rev. James Vincent, A. M. Ma/terr of Beaumaris School,
Edward Umfreville, of the Inner Temple, £/7;
*
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
Ww
The Rev. Mr. John Walters, of Margam.
Edward Walters, of Pitcot, Gent.
Rev. Mr. Waterman, of Sidmington, Hants.
Rev. Mr. William Watkins, of Trinity-Hall, Cambridge.
Mr. Pennoys Watkins, of Brecon.
~ Mr. Penney Watkins, of Brecon. Rev. Dr. Webber, Refor of Exeter College, Oxon, for the Coll. Library.
Rev. John Wefley, A.M.
Rev. Charles Weiley, A.M.
Rev. Hopton Williams Webb, B. A. Reor of Coytre.
Rev. James Williams, B. D. Fellow of Jefus College, Oxford.
Rev. Thomas Williams, of Wern-ddi, A. M.
Rev. John Williams, A.M. Canon of St. David's.
Rev. Thomas Williams, A. M. Canon of St. David's.
Rev. Robert Williams, Treafurer of Bangor.
William Williams, of Caernarvon, E/g; His Majefly’s Attorney-General for North- Wales. |
John Williams, of Ty-Fr¥, in Anglefey, E/7;
William Williams, of the Middle-Temple, £/¢;
Rev. David Williams, A. M. Reéor of Penderin.
Rev. William Williams, Curate of St. Mary-Redcliff, Briftol.
Rev. Edward Williams, A.M. Vicar of Llanfpyddyd.
Rev. Jenkin Williams, B. A. Vicar of Aberavon.
Dr. Thomas Williams, of Neath.
Morgan Williams, of Park, Gent.
Thomas Williams, of Nottage, Gent.
Rev. John Williams, Vicar of Benenden, in Kent.
Rev, Mr. Williams, Carate of Lanpeter-Pont-Stephen.
Thomas Williams, of Llanhamlach, Gent.
Mr. Thomas Williams,S cholar of Jefus College, Oxford.
William Williams, of Caerleon, Gent.
Rev. John Williams, of Margam.
Thomas Williams, of Brecon, Gent.
Mr. Koger Williams, of Llywel.
Mr. Lewis Williams, cof Merthyr.
Mr. Thomas Williams, of Conway.
Mr. David Williams, of Wooditock-Street, London.
Thomas Williams, of Trellynie, Flinthire, «xd of Snow hill, London.
Mr. Walter Williams, Officer uf Excife at Holyhead.
Mr. George Williams. of Dover. |
Mr. Evan Williams, of Brook-ftreet, London.
Mr. Owen Williams, of Datchett, zear Windfor.
Mr. John William, of Coychurch.
Mr. Rees William, of Coychurch.
Mr. John Williams, of Lanharry.
dr. William Williams, of Lanharry.
Mr.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
Mr. Thomas Williams, of Carmarthen. Mr. William Williams, of Monmouth, Book/eller. 25. Mr. Edward Williams, of Llangawr. Mr. Ifaac Williams, of Cumdryfran-Forge. Mr. John Williams, of Nantfer. Mr. Charles Winter, of Bedwelty, Monmouthhhire. Rev. Mr. Wifhaw, Canon of Hereford. ohn Wood, of Bath, E/9; r. Leighton Wood, of Briftol, Merchant. Mr. John Worrall, of London, Book/eller. Fortunatus Wright, of Leghorn, Merchant. Mr. Thomas Wright. William Wynter, of Brecon, £/9; Rev. William Wynn, A.M. Redor of Manafon. . Rev. William Wynn, of Las-Ynys, A.M. Re&or of Llanaber. 2. Rev. Richard Wynn, of Ruthin. A. M. Ellis Wynne, of Iftymllyn, Caernarvonfhire, E/7; John Wynne, of Sychdyn, Flinthire, and of the Middle Temple, E/gs Rev, Francis Wynne, Curate of Liangoed.
NamEs omitted in their Alphabetical Order.
Rev. Jeffrey Beynon, ReGor of Barry. John Coffins, E/g; of Redland-Court. Gl. Rev. Alexander Catcott, of Briftol.
Mr. Richard Jenkins, of Briftol.
A BRIEF
INTRODUCTION
WELSH,
O R,
Antient Britifo Language.
efodfocjocgoolcfocfootoctiocfookootoogo # ofootodto
CHAP I. Of the LETTERS.
THE CAPITAL LETTERS. ABCChDDAEFFFGNgHILLI MN OP Ph | RST ThUW Y.
‘THE SMALL LETTERS. abcchdddeffignghil lmnop phrftthuw y.
“TMHE Alphabet confifts of thirteen fingle, and /even double Confonants, and /even Vowels, -viz. a, €, i, 0, U, W, the Confonants, mine are mutable, viz. b, c, d, g, ll, m, p, ry (whieh, when radical, is ever attended with h) and t. A
The
Z An InTRoDuCTION # °° *
The 7 Confonant or Jod, the K, 9, X, and Z, .are properly. no Welfh Letters; nor are they wanted in Words purely Velfp. » In writing exotic Words, inftead of F we ufe Si, as Stencin, Siercin, and fometimes /, pronounced as Y, in Yet, yes, as Jago, loan, James, John. We exprefs the found of K by C, as Habaccuc, of Q by Cw, as Cweftitun; of X by Cs, as Sontwn am danat Polycfena, ail, &c. Ecftro berth ac yfiryw bar. Wiliam Llyn. Inftead of Z, we fome- times ufe 8S, as Sadoc mab [nitne®, Zadok cer dmmmer.~Nebeme iii. 29. er retain the Z} a8 Bara, ‘Ezeh? fb A ow i.
Of the feven Vowels four are mutable; a, e, 0, w, as paladr, pelydr; caftell, ceftyll; ffordd,. fyrdd;_bweh, bychod.
The Diphthongs, or Union of tweVowels, are twenty-two, and the Triphthongs /eventeen.
DIPHTHONGS, EXAMPLES. [| DIPHTHONGS. EXAMPLES.
C6: 2° acth, ‘. iW, os lliw, ~ ai, rhai. ly, iyrchod, au, aur. oe, oedd. aw, law. Ol, troi. ei, deigr, ow, ffowch. ee 7 a = uw, .,.. DUW. CWy | lhe ‘ wa AS. gwen. 2 hh, OO iar. we, gwen. ie, serthi. wi, gwin. 10, | lor. wo, gwobr. IU, fuddew. wy, > gwynn. 7 TRIFHTHONGS. EXAMPLES. YRIPHTHONGS. EXAMPLES. jae, cyffelybjaeth:) |*. wan, gwau. ial, _anghyhaith. waw, gwawr. iau, doniau. £5 way, >, gwayw. iaw, ‘cyfiawn. wet, ae ini. iel, seithydd. weu, eweunydd. leu, cual wet She Sa pwiw. iow, - - cyfiownach. --|.. . wow, . - -gwowdydd. wae, s Ciwaer. ©" | ww, 0 gg wywo. © wal, chwain. fas us 44
Of the Diphthongs:four’are mutable; ae; ai, au, atv; and fome- times ¢f. oT Fea th Se Inftead of Ai, the Anticnts writ £7; and for 4u, Ev.” _ In Soyth-Wales they ufe Ox inftead of the, Au, of North Hales 5 as Our, for Aur, Gold; Hoeul, for Haul, Sun. ;
. CHAP.
the Wertsu LANGUAGE, 3
SOROS OK III OI OIOK CHAP. It. Of the Pronunciation of the Wel/h Letters.
Is pronounced as 4 Englifb in Man, Pan, Lad, Bad: And 5 when circumflexed, as in Dame, Pale, Ale, B, as B Englifh. ,
C, as K Englifo, or as C in Can, Cane, Come: Never as in Ce- dar, City, Ciftern,
Ch, as X Greek rightly pronounced; and keing a Radical, is ever attended with w.
D, as D Englifh.
Did, as Th Englifh, in this, thou, that.
E, acuted, as E Englifh, in Men, Ten, Bed: Circumflexed, as Ea, in Bear, Fear, Tear.
F, as V Confonant Englifp.
Ff, as F Englifp.
G, as the Greek T, or as g Englifh, inGain, Get, Go.
Ng, as Ng in the Englifb, King, Ring, Thong, ftrong.
H, as Hin the Englifh, Hand, Hind. Note, That fome had rather call this an Auxiliary, than a Letter; becaufe it ferves only to afpirate the foregoing Confonants, as ch, ph, th; or the follow- ing Vowels, as ha, he, &c.
, as the Greek I iara, or as Ee in the Englifh, Bee, Tree; or i, in Rich, Ring, Thing.
L, as L Englifh, in Law, Love, Low. |
LI, is Z afpirated, and has a Sound peculiar to the Vel. It is pronounced, by fixing the Tip of the Tongue to the Roof of the Mouth, and breathing forcibly through the Jaw-Teeth on both Sides, but more on the Right; as if written in Englifh, Lib.
M, as AZ Englifh.
N, as N Eugiifp. :
O, acuted, as Oin Gone: Circumflexed, as O in Bone.
P, as P Englifh.
Ph, as the Greek ©; or Ph Englifh, in hier bak Phyftck, &e. The true Difference, betwixt #7, and ph, is, that we write with ff, either fuch Words as are purely Britifh, as Ffon, a Staff; Ffaw, a Den; Ffordd, 2a Way; Ffelaig, a Chieftain, a Prince: Or fuch Words as are derived from Latin Words written with F, as Ffydd, Faith; Ffynnon, a Fountain; Ffurf,a Form; Ffenefir, a Window, perffaith, perfcét; but we write with Pd either fuch Britis Words as have the Radical P changed into the Afpirate Ps, as a
A 2 rece
4 An IeTRODUCTEON
three Heads, from Pen, a Head; or when the Gr. 6, or Heb. b, are to be exprefled, as. Philefophydd; Philemon, Ephefiaid, Phinehas, Pharach; for it would be abfurd to write thefe Words, Triffen, Ffiz “ofrfiida, Ffilemon, E iT fend, Ffinehas, Ffaraoh.
, as R:Englifh; and, when a Radical, is always afpirated, as the Greek Pp, and is then written 7. :
S, as § in the Englifh, Savour, Senfe.
T, asT Englifp.
Th, as Th Englifh, in Thick, Fhaught, Mouth.
U, as J Englhifh, in This, Biifs: Ifcircumflexed, as ee, in Queen, Screen, Green,
W, as O in the Englifh, To, Who: If circumflexed, as oo, in Boon, Reot, Sast, Boct, | |
Y, in the Penultima, Antepenultima, &¢. as Uin the Englif, Turn, Hunt, Further, Sturdy; or asi, in Bird, Third: Inthe Ul- tima or Monofyllables, as 7 in the Englih, Tin, Thin, Skin, Trim, (except thefe Monofyllables, Y, yada, ym, yn, yr, ys, fy, dys myn; which found ¥, as in the Penultima); and if circumflexed, as ee, in the Engl. meek, feek. You have both Sounds in the Words Hyn- ny, yr, Uythyr, myfyr, pybyr, Sc. The conftant Sound of Y, in the Penultima, &c. and its ordinary Sound in the Ultima, are both exemplified in the fingle Word, Sundry.
The Accent is, in all Wei/h Words, either on the laff, or pe- nultima SyHable; never on the Antepenultima: But it is much more frequently on the Penultima; and when on the laft, it is a Circum- flex. .
PIII IA PAIK HR IRB IK BRD HR I DR PI BR IK IE IK FE
CHAP. II. Cencerning the Variation of Initial Letters in We//.
UCH Words as begin with mutable Confonants, viz. 6, ¢, d, £, ll, m, p, r, and t, in their primary Ufe, change thefe their radical initial Letters, as Occafion fhall require, and according
to the Effect, which the Words preceding have on them, as fol- lows.
Words primarily beginning with C have four Initials, viz. C, ch, g, ngh; as Car ages, a near Kinfman; «i chér, her Kinfman; e gar, his Kinfman; fy aghar, my Kinfran.
Words primarily: beginning with P have likewife four, P, b, m+, ph; as Pen gir, a Man’s Head ; et ben, his Head; fy mhen, my Head ; ef phen, her Head,
Words
the Warsi LANGUAGE, 3
Words that have T in their primary Ufe, have alfo four Initials, Y,. ds nh, th; as Tad-y plentyn, the-Child’s Father; e dédy his Fa- ther; fy nhad, my Father; et thdd, her Father.
Words beginning with B have three, B, f, m; as Bara cann, Manchet-Bread ; ¢ fara, his Bread; fy mara, my Bread.
Words beginning with D have likewife three, D, dd, n; as Duw Erugart a merciful Gop; ¢i Douw, his Gon; fy Nuw, my
OD.
Words. beginning with G' have alfa three, viz. G, mg, and the firft Vowel in: the Word, —. away, the g; as Gwas ffyddlon, a faithful Servant; fy. ngwas, my Servant; ¢ was, his Servant
. Words beginning, with LI have but two Initials, Z/, 1; as Liaw wenn, a white Hand; ¢i Jaw, his. Hand.
Words beginning with M have likewife but two, 14, f; as Mam dirion, atender Mothers ¢: fam, his Mother.
Words beginning with Rh have alfo swe, viz. Rb, r; as Rhwyd lawn, a full Net; ei rwyd, his Net.
Note, That M:and N alfo, are afpirated in South-Wales; as e: mbam, her Mother; ¢ nhai, her Nephew.
This Variation of the Jnitial Letters is always regular, and con- fFantly betwixt Letters of the fame Organ of Pronunciation; for a Labial Letter is never changed to a Dental, nora Dentaltoa La~ bial, ec. |
Adverbs, being formed of Adjectives, become fuch, by putting Yn. in Oppofition to. the Adjectives, which change their mutable Initial Cenfonants into their foft; as Da, (Adjedtive) ood; Yn dda, (Adverb) well; Mivyn, (Adj.) kind; Yn fwyn, (Adv.) kindly.
Initial Vowels are alfo capable of occafional Changes. Some of changing one Vowel into another; as Aberth, a Sacrifice, pl. Ebyrth; Attal, to ftop; Ettyl, he will flop; &c. And all, of taking the Afpirate 4 before them after the Pronoun fing. £7, when of the feminine Gender; and the pl]. Pronouns #y, their; and £in, our; and the Affix ’m; as, Oedran, Age; ei hoedran, her Age; Amfer, Time; eu hamfer, their Time; Anadl, Breath; «in hanadl, our Breath; Arghoydd, Lord; i'm Harglwydd, to my Lord, &c. which Diphthongs alfo are ; as Eidda, one’s own; ¢i heiddo, her own, &c.
e> I muft here caution the Reader, that, in ae for Words
in the Diétionary, he fhould always turn to. them in their primary or radicaf Initials.
CHAP,
6 An INTRODUCTION fo.
HORII HORII H OOK
CHAP. IV. The Parts of the Wel/b Tongue are Eight. Enw, Noxn, Do Not bannog, Article, | = Rhagenw, Pronoun, » O,{ } Rhagferf, Adverd, ° EB Gair, or Berf, Verb, 2 Cyflylltiad, Conjunétion, € ™ 2, Rhan-gymeriad, Participle, J > Arddodiad, Prepofition, md
The Interjections ‘are ranked with the Adverbs.
Of the NOUN. And firft of itt CASES.
S to the Cafes, there is but one Termination throughout the Singular Number, and another in the Plural; fo that they are only diftinguithed by Prepofitions fet before them or in their Conftruction; varying their Initial Letters, if mutable, anfwerable to their Dependence, on the preceding Words; as Ty, an Houfe; dodrefn fy nhj, the Furniture of my Houte ; iw dy, to his Houfe ; prynodd dj, he bought a Houfe; O dj, O Houle; allan oi thy, out of her Houfe.
FTIR IR TRI III BRR PIR RRR RR RR RIK CHAT. \V.
Of the NUMBERS.
ELSH Nouns have ordinarily but twe Numbers, the Sin- gular and the Plural. -
We feem alfo to ufe the Dual, in exprefling fome Parts of an Animal that are Pairs, wiz. when Dwy or Deu, [two, or both] may be compounded with a Subftantive; as Dwyglu/?, deudroed, dwylaw, deulin, two [or, both his or her] Ears, Feet, Hands, Knees. ©
Subftantives, compounded or put in appofition with Numerals, inftead of the Plural, ufe the Singular Number: As Wythnyn, eight Men; pymtheg gwraig, fifteen Women ; can-march or can march, an
hundred
the WeisH LANGUAGE. 7
hundred Horfe; Deugain -nés, forty Nights; Gen. vii. 5. deugain niwrnod, forty Days; ibid. pedwar ugainwr, fourfcore Men, 2 Kings Me 2a |
Some Subftantives want, the Singular Number; as Guwartheg, Cattle; Rhient, Parents. Others want the Plural; as Bara, halen, ymenyn, llaeth, newyn, fyched, etry, ieuengétyd, henaint, gwaed, cryf- der, gwychder, haeliont, dewrder, lawenydd, and the like.
Alfo Nouns ending in rwydd, dra, ni, woh, ant, awd, and moft im i, as caledi, culi, brynti, &c.
And the Names of Metals, as Aur, arian, prés, haiarny alcany elydn, efydd, elydr. |
Alfo moft Diminutives, as dynyn, bryncyn, &c, and all Proper Names. oer |
SeCCECCEEE ELE Ott 0-00.88 -0 $48.6 CH AP. VI.
Of the forming of Plurals in a Noun Subfantive, which we call Enw cadarn, a ftrong or ftable Noun, be- caufe it ftands of itfelf. | : |
HE Plurals of Subftantives are formed of their Singulars in
[ three Manner of Ways,
Firft, By adding only a Letter or Syllable to the Termi- nation of the Singular.
Secandly, By changing only the Vowels or Diphthongs of Mono- fyllables into other Vac or Diphthongs: Or by changing the Vowels or Diphthongs of both the Ultima and Penultima o Boly- fyllables, into other Vowels or Diphthongs.
Thirdly, By changing the Vowels or Diphthongs of the Singular; and ‘adding to the Termination too. ° .
. But before we treat'of each of thefe Ways in particular, it is re- quifite to know the various Syllables ufually added to the Simgulart of Subflantives, to render them Plurals; which are thefe that fol- low : | eae
Au, and iau, is the moft common Termination of all; as tad, pl. tadau; baich, pl. beichiau. The Antients writ eu inftead of au; and fo it is moft commonly pronounced ftill in South-/Vales.
den is alo very frequent, efpecially in Adjectives and. Participles; as, Cyngor, Counfel, pl. cyrghorion; main, flender, pl. meinion; gwe- ledig, vifible, pl. gweledigion. :
Oedd is likewife very common; Nef, pl.-nefoedd; ynysy pls yay oedd. . Thefe, inthe Poets, end fometimes: in Edd, yny/edd, livfedd, turedd, llaweredd;..as Nadredd yw gorwedd yn gerth. M. H. T. “Dyre Pagwiad, dir iawn glédd, Dyrnafwr, drwy ynyfedd. Jolo.-
8 din INTRODUCTION 16
faidsis likewife the Termination of ‘many; as reg, »pl. dopiesda's hebog, pl. hebogiaid; cyfylog, ‘pl. jaid.
Od is Common to many, and is ufed generally of Animals;: as Hines, pl. Uinafod ; wmwyalch;-ph. ehopeitbaor ‘which ‘makes «al formwy- eilch’; crybyrod, yfeyfarnoged, draenoged, hyched, bychod, ‘bythou.
Vdd ‘ts alfo ‘the ‘Termination of ‘many; bron, ‘pl. ‘bronnydd’; ‘bro, pl. broydd: So-rhefydd, ffofydd, corfydd, ‘nentydd, afonydd. )
Badd; -asewin, ipl. ewinedd; djs, byfedd:; ‘dant, dannedd.
I; as tref, trefi, which makes alfo trefydd, and fometimes ‘poeti= cally tréfoedd'; ‘men, mennis faer, faeris eghuys, ‘eghusfi, -which forms alfo oat ap : prophwydi, merthyrt. } .
Aint, ‘as Gif, gofaint, whichis likewife géfion; ‘nai, neiaint; cér, ceraint, which is alfo cerynt ; Yjgwier da ei gerynt, yfewieriaidd ‘wifg ariant. L.G.
Ed; as merch, pl. ‘merched; pryf, prifed. | |
En; as Ych, ychen. Ni aya alc at gwaith, L. G:
Adon is added to gordderch, as gordderchadon. And the Antients faid dyniadon, from the fing. dyn.
Ir; as gwayw, pl. gwaywyr and gwewyr; .cefnder, cefndyr;‘eyfyr> der, cyfyrdyr'; brawd, brodyr; as-Brodyr.a rs it ” Wi ich is alfo braid as Ei dri breder a’m ceryn, Lu. Gl. O-bedwar breder eres. . .
But thefe four laft Terminations are ufed-only in thefe Words, or a few others. .
Gwartheg pl. is an Anomal, :and is ufed of the Species ;° “as gwartheg a cheffylau; and of the Sex; Yehén a gwartheg.
Some»have a double Termination Plural; as Trefi, and trefydd; eghwy/ft, and egluy/ydd; lais, leifiau; and once Ueifion. Wrth weled digrifed ton, Y zag das ddigoeg She D. G.
ch, achau, and achoedd, Achauwy tad, o chaid djdd,. Achoedd Efa ferth Dafydd. L.G,
Aber, makes aberoedd now, antiently ebyr, Galan hyddfref tym djdd yn:edwi, Cynmurf yn-ebyr, Ujr yn llenwi. P.M. Megis twr ebyr yn lyr Hawn. 'C.
FOO ROK OOOO
CHAP. VIL ai,
Of the forming of the Plural, by adding only a Letter or Syllable to the Termination of the Singular.
N Addition is either of a Letter, or of a Syllable. ‘Theonly [Letter that is added alone is #; as ffeneftr, ffeneftri ; rhes, rheft; perth, pertht: So Rhenti, lefirt, menni: Saer, faeri ; maen,
Mami,
the Wetsu LANGUAGE, 9 ymaeni, which makes ‘alfo main ; » gwet, which makes alfo gweeedd ; Ilo, loi, and loan, and iloiau.
Words ending. in a*become P/ura/s by.adding the Syllableau, as Bwa, a Bow, bwa-au; chp, the Top or Summit of a Thing,. coppa-an; cymmanfa, an Allembly, cymmanfa-au. But for the more -eafy Pronunciation, one @is commonly cut off by Syncope, and the -other a lengthened to the Sound of a double aa;.as Biwdu, coppdu, cymmanfau, &c. yet the double aa is alfo fometimes retained, as Bwaau a chisn-buain Sy iw rhoi lle bo cwrs yrhain. G.O.
Some Words-ending in:a make their Plura/ by adding*another Syllable ; cyumudllesdfa, p\. cynnulleidfacedd; tyrfa, tyrfavedd ; porfa,
ee daisies makes the Plural longer by one Syllable than the Singular, as ‘tad, ‘tadau; mam, mammau; cadach, cadachaus tir, ‘tiroedd ; heel, hoélion ; yleyfarnag, yey farnaged,
Monofyllables, which have the Vowel ¢ with a Confonant after it, become Plarals by adding-a Syllable, as merch, merched ; per, pegmess And ‘fome ‘Nouns of many Syllables, as colommen, . colom=
tbles ino," as-cynffon, cynffonnau. - q;° as defod, ge eck cernodian.
Ind, as ebél, ebslion; heol, heclyda ; rheol, rheolau.
Ini, as pi, pied; *gwenci, givenciod. Ci, cin, is an anomal. “Some have two Syllable added, as.gordderch, gerdderchadon; din,
ayniaden, -ambng the Anticnts. CH AP. Vin
Of !Plurals formed‘by changing only the Vowels or Diphthongs of the Singulars.
AA Change alone is only in‘fome Words, that end with a Confo-
Ty. nant; but all Words, that:end with a Vowel,.are formed by
adding-a Syllable.
This Change is of a Vowel .into a‘Vowel or-Biphthong; or of a Diphthong into another Diphthong. .
A, im Monofyllables is changed-for the moft Part-into ei, in their Plaral, .as march, méirch; .bardd, beirdd; hardd, heirdd; arf, eirf. (Campus eirf cwmpas arfoll. D.G.
So Jarll, farph, tarw, carw, marw, carr, arth, ga/t, iar, gafr. Barda is:alfo declined by adding and changing, beirdd and deirddion. So marw, meirw, and meirwon. 43
Ais
Lo 4n INTRODUCTION £
A is fometimes changed into ai, as bran, brain. 2 >
O, in the Singular, is regularly changed into y; as fforch, fyrchs: ffordd, ffyrdd. So porth, torch, mallt, bollt, poft, cort, corph, pont, gordd, corn.
W is changed likewife into y, as. /kudn, trillydn, canllydn. But Iolo {aid icirch for iyrched, from the fing. iwrch.
Gwr, gwyr; ty, tat, are Anomals.
The Vowel ¢ is not changed here.
The Diphthongs of Monofyllables are changed thus ;
Ae is changed into ai, as draen, drain; maen, main.
Oe into wy, as croen, crwyn; oen, wyn. But troed makes traed.
The other Diphthongs are not changed here.
The Changes of Vowels in Diffyllables, to render them Plurals, fiand | thus:
Such as have a in the Penultima, and a, ¢, or w, in the Ultima, change the a of the Penultima into ¢, and the a, e, and w of the Ultima into y,
Words which have a in the Ultima and Penultima, are, Paladr, pelydr ; alarch, elyrch, aradr, erydr; taradr, terydr; vege efyll ; cadarn, cedyrn, But here the Antients, inftead of y, ufed e, Er- eidr, peleidr, tereidr, cedeirn, &c.
The Word Dafad makes defaid in the Plural.
In other Words ending in @ with a Confonant after it, the a it- felf, by taking 7, becomes the saa: ai, which is often written ei, as gwyran, gwyrain; gwial, gwiail, llyffant, llyffaint or lyffeint; Ilygad, llygaid or llygeid; {0 ymddifad, ehediad, gwylliad; hynaf; ty- warch, tyweirch. But buflach, is byftych in the Plural. |
Words which have a in the Penultima, and e¢ inthe U]tima, are fuch as follow, Ca/fell, ceflyll; afgell, efayll; padell, pedyll; So Af- tell, tafell, angell, gradell, mantell, maneg, llawes, gwaell, pl. gweyll, and frequently gwedll ; bachgen, bechgyn ; Hannerch, llennyr¢b, which makes alfo Henneirch;
Gwae’r icirch, mewn Jlenneirch mae lai; Gwae’r ceirw ddwyn gwr a’i carai. Iola.
But Ca/eg, cefig; carreg, cerrig, are excepted, which end ins, a8. do all other Words in the Poets, which change @ or e into y, as Tefill, pedill, lewis, &c. Cig ar ei feniga fn. G.O.
Such as have ¢ inthe Ult. [and not having @ in the Renult. as above] generally change that ¢ into y; as Cyllell, cyllyll; Gwyddel, gwyddyl,; gwden, gwdyn, cyfyrder, dyr; cefnder, dyr. Cefudyr a ryw milwyr Mon. O.
- And in the fing. Pren pér a chefnder i chwi, M.H.T. |
But this Word is written frequently, and perhaps better, Céfn~ derw, pl. cefnderwedd, and alfo cefnderaedd, Cas
the Werusn LANGUAGE. Tz
~ Words that have ain the Penultima, w in the Ultima, are -but few, Afcwrn, efcyrn; arddwrn, erddyrn. In like Manner are formed, Migwrn, migyrn; canpyn, for can- pwn, Iolo. Canllydn, trillydn, &c, from the {imple Word /hudn. When ¢ is in the Penultima, and w in the Ultima, the o is changed into ¢, and the w into y; as Cogwrn, pl. cegyrn; logwrn,
Such as have o in the Penult. and @ in the Ult. turn @ into e, and a into y, as Ffollach, pl. ffellych.
Note, That there is no Change made in the Vowels or Diph- thongs of Nouns, to render them Plurals, fave in the Ultima and Penultima. Thofe of the Antepenultima remain unaltered ; except
Mabaren, pi. meheryn.
SKK IL III IAA IDK HII SII I III IIE
CH AVe ik,
Of Piurals formed both by the Change of the Vowels or Diphthongs, and the Addition of a Letter or Syl- lable to the Termination of the S/ngular too.
the laft Syllable, when Confonants follow them, The Pe- tima is here never changed.
he Change here made is, of the Vowels or Diphthongs of
n
The Change of the Vowels.
In Nouns that are Monofyllables, and their Compounds, a is changed into ¢, when the aa the Plural in on; as dall, detlliox and deilliaid; praff, preiffon 3 gwas, gweifion; arch, erchion: So bras, cras, glas; mab, meibion. But mab, in the Antients, form’d the Plural by ai, without any Addition, mdb, maib, whence our tT Yftér hoff nis diria rhaib, Oes y pum-oes ir pum-maib. J.G.
. LI.
In others, @ is changed into ¢: as Car, pl. ceraint; gwal, gwil- ydd; carn, cernydd; nant, nentyad.
W, in Monofyllables, as alfo in the Ultima of Polyfyllables, is changed into y, with the Addition of ax, or od, and of son, in Ad- jeétives; as Bwrdd, pl. byrddau; crivth, crythau; trivch, trychau; bweh, bychod: bitch, hychod; citch, cychod; Iwrdd, hyrdded; So twill, mwdwl, meddwi, gwddf, pwll, dwrn, fwrn, pilwrn, mifwrn: Arddwrn, arddyrnau; migwrn, migyrnau, whofe Plurals end all in au. So Adjedtives, Crwn, pl. erynion; crwm, twnn, brwnt, &e.
A, 12
2 ar INTRODUCTYGN £0
» A, in the Utima of Polyfyllables, is changed -into, #, .with yd: added; as Porfa, pl. porfeydd; preferyifes prefwylfeydd. : Pared, pi. pecans is an Anomal.. , in the Ultima and Penultima, is often changed in both Places into Y, with or. without an Afpirate; as Cwmmuwl, pl. cywnnylau,
or cymbylans The Ghange of Diphthongs.
Ae, in Monofyllables, is changed into ¢i; and fometimes into: ew; as Maem, pl. meini; faer, feiri; maes, meufydd; caer,. ceurydd..
But fome perhaps will admit of no Change in fuch Words, and. had rather write them with the Addition only, Ages, mae/ydd.. Llaes ar hyd maefyda. .
4i, in Monofyllables, is changed into e#, adding tau ;.as Nain,. pl. neimiau; caib, ceibiau; gair, geiriau. So Rhaib, rhaid, faig, faig, draig, blaidd. Some Polyfyllables do the fame; as Cadair, pl. ca- deiriau. Thefe are excepted, which, retaining @, only throw away i; Naidr, pl. nadrocdd, gwraig, gwragedd; daigr, dagrau; rbiain, rhianedd ; celain,. celanedd.
If no Confonant follow a?, ai, both in Monofyllables and Poly- fyllables, is turned into ei ; and a Syllable of fome other’ Termina~ tion added; as Nai, pl. meiaint ; carrat, carrciau, and carreion; Lwippai, gwippeted; cardottai, cardotteton.
If nt follow a; the Plurals both of Monofyllables and vhie ieha Jables is regularly made, by throwing away f; adding tau, and ob-- ferving the Change of a7 into e#; as Braint, breiniau; hatnt, heini- au; rhagorfraint, rhagorfreiniau: Though Breintiau, beintiau, and’ rhagcrfreintiau be alfo, but unaptly, ufed. |
Au, is changed into eu; as paun, peunod; caul, ceulau; ffauy. _ ffeuau; genau, geneuau.
Or, as fome wil] have fach Words written, without a Change, paunod, caulau, &c. ;
Aw, is changed into 03 as brawd, brodyr, and broder; awr, ori- au; lawr, lériau; clawdd, cloddiau; thawd, tlodion; ymmerawdr, ymmerodron, &c. thaws, lliefydd, but lies is likewife ufed, Na’s ddangos.i lies lu. Dafydd ap Fa Ge
Ages yw'r Iles ir Wall. H.D. |
Or into cw; as cawg, pl. cowgiau; trawft, trow/ffiau; and fre- quently troffiau. But thefe may be ufed, and that perhaps better,. without any Change at all, traw/ffian, cawgiau; as rhaw, rbawiau; caw, cawiaus daw, dawen. Cawr, cewri; and cowri, in the Plural.
Some Words ending in nt, throw away the ¢, and double the 3. as daut, pl. dannedd, tant, pl. tannau.
Some Subftantives have their Singulars formed of their Plurals ; adding yz, or en, to the plural Termination, and changing their Vowels or Diphthongs into other Vowels or Diphthongs; as _
f.
the Wensn “LANGUAGE. 173 ~ plentyn 3 bragyicbregyn 5 »itefyn 3 rhawn, 3 31 iy. eign sleds, ly aden Wg, "igen ie
ae, ee ; . 5 rhyg, rbygen i. erfin, ver, > maip, meipen; gwenith, gwenithen ; chwain, chwannen ; gwial,gwi-
Cae guial er na thal. D. G.
Which is,alfo Gujai/,
» b& guceugwiail,. |
ai Gywien, pricdgrian:dail. ID. G.. Some do.not-change the Vowels at all; as: A/akvod, fing. mal- quoden ;ipged, lygaden fer, feren; and all Names of Frees ;-as. Derw, fing». derwen ; helyg, helygen; drain, drainen, &c.
‘Some Subftantives ‘have two Plurals, the one formed of the other; and ithe latter importi reat Abundance; as jd, and ydan, fine. sien , haidd, and heiddince fing. heidden. , a P
POLAR OA III IOI IIL CHAP. X, | The GENDERS of SUBSTANTIVES,
“E TELSH Subfantives haye five Genders, the Mafculine, the “EY = Feminine, the Commune, the Doubtful, and the Epicene.
‘There are twa Ways to know the Gender of a Noun.
- ‘The firft by its Signification. ‘The fecond by its Termination.
The proper Names of Men, Winds, Months; alfo Qualities good and bad; Metals; and the Infinitive Mood of Verbs, when ufed fub- ftantively, are known by their Signification: to be of the Mafculine Gender.
Words ending in w, 7, rwydd, yn,, (except telyn, of the Femi- nine Gender) are Mafculines by their Termination.. Alfo Nouns derived of Verbs ending in ad, ant, awdr, adur.
The Names of Women, Cozntries, Cities, Rivers; alfo Appella- tives of Trees and Stones, are of the Feminine Gender.
-Derivatiyes that end in en, ech, es, ell, are Ferinines by ending. But Caftell, aCaftle; Hiriell, an Angel; Gefell, a Twin, are not of a Britifh Origin, and are of the Mafculine Gender.
Some Words ending in aeth are Mafculines; as gwafanaeth, pen- naeth, biraeth. |
Some are Feminines ; as Liywodracth, ymmerodraeth, brenhiniaeth, argluryddiaeth, efgobaeth, perfoncliaeth. cae
Monofyllables in ig are of the Mafculine Gender, except Gwig,
Moft Nouns of many Syllables ending in ig are Feminines. Pen» defig, gwiedig, are excepted.
I4 An INTRODUCTION fo
Og is of both Genders; but moftly Feminine. Tywyfog;.\fioy~ ddog, marchog, tatog, cymmydog, ae, wynog, ceiliog, i cy- Hfylog, are M: ulines, ,
The Monofyllable Cag, a Cook, is Mafculine; Cog, a Cuckow,, Feminine. .
Words that are common to both Sexes, as Dyn, cardottai, llattai, cennad, baban, plentyn, are of the Commune of two Genders.
Such Words are of the Doubtful Gender, which (being not dif- tinguifhed by Sex) are indifferently ufed in the Mafculine or in the Feminine Gender; as Jachawdwriacth, Dadguddiad, achos, adail, ° ammod, clod, hédd, and many others.
The Appellatives of Birds, Beafis, and Fifbes, are of the Epicene: Gender, that is, fome Mafculines, others Feminines. Yet under the fame Gender are both Sexes comprehended ; and are diftinguifh- ed only, by adding Gwr-ryw to the Subftantive, to fignify the Male; and Benyw, to fignify the Female; whatever Gender the Subftantive is of; as Eryr gwr-ryw, an he Eagle Eryr benyw, a fhe Eagle; Colommen wr-ryw, a he 2a ; Colommen fenyw, athe Pigeon. Ever giving the additional Words Gwr-ryw and Benyw an Initial proper to the Gender the Wel/fh Word for the Animal is of.
But forafmuch as thefe five Genders are reducible to thofe two prevailing ones, viz. Mafculine and Feminine; and forafmuch as all Subftantives do naturally fall into one or other of thefe two Gen- ders ; it may be expedient to lay down the following Rule of Mr. Gambold’s, to affift in the finding out of the proper Gender of the Subftantive given; provided the Subftantive begin with one or other of the mutable Confonants.
RULE. Any Word, gee with any of the mutable Con- fonants, exeept L/and RA, if, upon putting y in Appofition before it, its initial Confonant doth naturally change into its foft; as Bot- tas, y fottas; cafeg, y gafeg; fuch Words are infallibly of the Fe- minine Gender: But if the initial Confonant change not thereupon, we inay juftly conclude fuch Words to be of the Mafculine Gender ; as Brethyn, y brethyn; march, y march.
BRochootoohoofoojoogoogocyo oooko oho oho i oc ofoohoohoofoo$oopoojoooosookoojoogo
CHAP. XI. Of a Noun ADJECTIVE. W* call a Noun Adjective, Enw gwan, a weak Noun, be-
caufe it wants another Word to exprefs its Signification. The Variation of Adjectives is twofold, of the Gender, and of the Number. The
the Weisu Lancuace. 15
‘The Variation of the Gender is that by which Mafculines be- come Feminines. ! |
There are two Ways of forming. the Feminine from the Maf- I. By changing only the Radical or Initial Confonant (if mu- table) into its foft; as Blafus, mafc. fla/us, fem. cariadus, mate. goriadus, fem. da, mafc. dda, fem. Ge. .
II. Both by changing their Radical Initial Confonants (if mu- table) into their foft; and changing their Vowels too.
Of Feminines, which change the Vowels of the Mafculines, ob- ferve: Firff, that w, being the ultimate Vowel of the Mafculine, and having a Confonant following it, is changed into 9, in the Fe-' minine: Befide the Change of the Initial Confonant in Conftructi- on, if mutable; as Brwat,-mafc. front, fem. crwm, grom; llvm, lom; twnn, denn; trwm, drom; mull, fe ; hin, hon; bwnnw, bon- nos pwl, bil; trwfgl, drofgl; rbwth, roth, ffiweh, ffioch, bhung, flong.
Ni rof (drin welwflin aelfion Hawld amawr yn men else. Iolo. | es
Secondly,. Such oO as have y for the laft Vowel of the Mafculine, with a Confonant following, change the y into e in the Feminine ; befide the Change of their Radical Confonants in Con-, ftruction, if mutable; as gwyn, wen; Ilyfn, lefn; hyfp, help; lym, lem melyn, felen: So fych, fech; tynn, denn; hb Seth; hyll, hell, . Ellyll-ddyn a gwyll hell-ddu. 1. Mon. Thence the Compound Dihell. Cijd, gléd; gwydn, wedn,
Ni wni un mor ddiell, .
Na djn a wir ei dan well. D,G,
Od aeth Rhys oi glaerllys gléd,
Yr wyf finnau ar fined. DN.
Glas a chyweithas awchwedn, . |
Lem fiaenfain fal adain edn. J.R. J. LI. : And fome have ufed chwern from ‘chwyrn, and gevemp from gwymp.
But Cyndyn, gwych, ferfyll, erchyll, hydyn, anbydyn, hylyn, tywyll,.
do not ordinarily. change the Vowel y. However the Poet ufed dywell of the Feminine Ganka; as i=
Nés dar *ynys dywell, - #Anglefey. Ni wn oes un ynys well. “LL. G. aS
Such Words are of the Commune Gender, as change neither; their Confonants nor their Vowels; but remain the fame tn their, Feminines, that they were in their Mafculines; as Abfennol, edifei- risl, iraidd, odiaeth, uchel, wttrefgar, ylgar, chwedleugar, fel, nerll- dusl, fiaradus, &c. | | NON All
16 in INTRODUCTION fo
All the Cardinal Numbers of the CommuneGender; -excépt Dau, tri, pedwar; which have Dwy, tair, pedair, to their Femifiineso>
The Ordixals.alfo aré ‘all ‘of the-Conimune Gender ; except tvy- dydd, and pedweryda ; which make trydedd, and pedwaredd, inthe Feminine ‘Gender. *
There are two other: Changes of the Initial emtable Gonfonarits of Adjectives in Conftruction, which are common-to both the Maf- culincand Feministe Genders; viz. into-their Liguids; asiF¥ ngba- redig Tien wa ; 4 ngharedig chwaer ; or intr their ileal as Be bare ‘et charedig chwaer'.
PTI OK | C. Hw A P. xt Of the: Plural Number of Adjectives. Tee Plurals.of Adjestives; are formed:of. Bingular Mafculines,
in.two.Ways. I. By’ adding Say’ to the Singular Beatson which ‘Addition. is eterally: on OF pm; as, crgeh, pl..crychiong dus dwon; gyn, gwy~
“IL By either anaes g¢ the Singular Vowel, with.an Addi tions ; or by adding ‘another ‘Vowel \t6 the ultimate Vowel of the Singular, and ‘without an-Additidn. -
Of thefe Adjectives, whith: change their Singulat Vowels, and admit of an Addition. too, it is to-be noted, -
Firft, That a being the Vowel of the Singular amber, is in the Plural changed into et; as Gwdg, pl. gweigions elas, gleifion; ma- rw, meirwon; balch, beilchion, dall, deillan, Deilliaia i is a Subftan. tive.
Secondly, That aw, in the Singular, .is changed i into o in the Plu- ral; as Tlawd, pl. tlodion, —
Lhirdlys That w, inthe Singular, is made yan the* Plural 5 ae Lilwm;:liymion ,. trwm, trymion, -brivm, -bryntion:
Of thofe that-are’made Plurals, \ only by adding: another Vowel to the ultimate Vowel of the Singular) obfervey
That many Adjectives, having.a fortheir ultimate Vowel in the Singular, are made Plurals, eit ‘chet by fubjain ne 7 to that @, as Llydan, pl. Bydain; bychan, bychain; * byddar, by ddair, ( Byddariaid
rather a Plural ‘Subftantive) and arall (hich changing alfo
the‘@ of the Penultima'into ¢ makes) eraifpl, “Or by changing cm into Many as Fovitn 2 ‘ymeirty ;' batch, beilch.’
jectives: want their Plurals; ‘as ‘Da, glan, tég, hagr, bin’
erfyll, Pil, ebyl ach hydyn, tywyll, ffiweh. But ets, to fome Pe
give a Plural. °° é
the Wetsn LANGUAGE. 17
Pe baem henion, Fel ein dynion. And Dynion cyndynion.dinerth, Hyllion, erchyllion a cherth, Da’i lin ond tywyllion ynt.
So all Adjectives ending in aid, aidd, in, llyd, us, moft ending in ig and og want the Plural.
Cardinal Numbers have no Plural, when put in appofition or in compofition with their Subftantives; though their Subftantives, at the fame time, may be either Singulars or Plurals: as, Tri, gwr, tri-wyr. But when fet aldné, or fubftantively, all of them have Plurals; except Un, which cannot in Nature have a Plural; as, Deucedd, trivedd, pedwareedd, &c. Upeiniau, deugeiniau, cannoedd, miloedd. , |
Ordinals have no Plural Number.
c-F--$ $$$ 8-4-4: tts 8:t- 8-4-4: ¢- 4-4-8. 4-8- 4-4 CHAP. XHUI.
Of the Terminations of ApjEecTives. |
HE Terminations of Adje&tives are various, and many of them
j are definitive of fome peculiar Signification. |
Aid, denotes the Metal or Stuff whereof a Thing is made; as, Euraid, golden or made of Gold; Ariannaid, filver-- or made of Silver ; Efyddai, brazen or made of Brafs. - a
Aidd, denotes Likenefs or Quality; as, Acriwynaidd, Maiden- like; breaidd, pleafant like a vale.
Gar, giver or addicted to; as, Lietteugar, givett to hofpitality ; gwin-gar, given or addicted to wine.
ig, generally relating to a Country or Place; as, Sei/nig, Cym- reig, dinefig, mynyddig, of or belonging to England, Wales, City, Mountain, Engl/, Welfh, City--, hcunsallit And fometimes
uality ; as, Gwenwynig, poifonous. en Wa Subftance whereof a Thing is made; as, AZemin, of or made of Stone; gwydrin, of or made of Glafs.
YVffynnawg fy nelin, Yn nhy dayerin, | Cadwyn hayernin, 4m ben fy neulin, Aneurin. Yni fwyf gynnefin a derwm wydd,
Ni thorraf a’m car fy ngharennydd. M. B.
Lyd, and Llyd, an ill or mnbecea ee Quality; as, Nycblyd, pining, infirm; bawhd, dirty; gwenwynilyd; poifonous; dyfrilyd, waterifh.
C Out
18 Jn INTRODUCTION fo
" Out of Adjedtives ending in /yd they form-in Powys Feminines in led; as, Brycheuled, poetbled. — And fo did the Ancients ;
Et gad-feirch at feirch greuled, | Bid-yn anyfeoget bid ged. Ancurin. Barf ar farf, ac arf yn greuled, Tal ovat al, Sul ad So Cyndd.
_ Arwr fir fyrthies afrifed | Ar ci lato a’i lafn wyarlled. P.M. Mam jarll @r arf wyarlled, 4 gwraig iaril goreu o grid. G. Gl.
Ar wybren drymled ledoeer. TQ. G.
Og, having or abounding with; as, Brwynog, rufhy, abounding with Rufbes; aeliog; having (thick or large) Brows; troedtog, hav- ing Feet. So goludog, afgyrniog, eithinog, yfeallog, &c.
Adjectives ending in og in the Poets end likewife in awg. O/, is a very frequent Termination, and denotes Quality; as, Synhbwyrel, prudent ; gormefol, oppreffive. Thefe end poetically alfo in aw/.
Us, Quality likewife; as, Cariadus, loving; melus, {weet ; ofnus, fearful ; trefnus, methodical. | . Subftantives ‘ending in mt, when they become Adjectives, caft away the t; as, Haint, heinus.
Heinus adfydig hymuyf. L.'G. — Braint, breiniol. Clwant, chwannog.
4:4.4°4'0:8-9-0:8'b'04'O-8'$:4-9°4'4:4 48-48-81 CHAP. XIV.
The Comparifon of ADJECTIVES.
W call the Pofitive Degree, Enw gwan gwaflad, yr hwn y bo y finwyr cyntaf i'r gair ynddo; i.e. An even weak Nour (or Adjeétive) in which ts the primary Signification of the Word.
Others cal} it [/cl-radd, the low Degree; or, Ygyffefin-radd, the primitive Degree, or pofitive. Du, black; gwynn, white.
We call the Comparative, Chwanegel o un radd; i. e. Increafed by one Degree; and, y berfedd-radd, or, y ganol-radd, the Middle Degree. And it is formed or made regularly by adding the Sylla- ble ach to the pofitive; as, Duach, blacker 5 giwynnach, whiter.
We
the WeitsH LANGUAGE. 19
We call the Superlative, Chwanegal yn y rddd uchaf, increafed in the higheft Degree ; or, Uchel-rddd, the higheft Degree ; and it is made by adding the Syllable af to the Pofitive ; as, Duaf, blackeft;
nnaf, whitett. |
All Words double the final Confonants of the Pofitives, in the Comparative and Superlative Degrees: except, 1. Such as circum- ficx the Vowel of their Pofitives, with their Compounds; as, Glia, glanach, glanaf; aflan, aflanach, afianaf; cas, cafach, cafaf; atgas, atgafach, atgafaf: 2. Such Pofitives as already end with two Con- fonants, whether fimilar or diffimilar ; as Byrr, dyrrach, byrraf; péll, pellach, pellaf; hagr, hagrach, hagraf. |
Pofitives ending in 4, d, g, in the Comparative and Superlative, change b into pp; d into tt; and g into cc; as, cyffebyb, cyffelyppach, eyffelyppaf caled, calettach, calettaf; tebyg, tebyccach, tebyccaf.
Pofitives having a?, change ai into et,-in the Comparative and Superlative ; ai Rhaid, rheitiach, rbeitiaf. |
Pofitives having ew, change aw into o in the Comparative and Superlative ; as Tlawd, tlottach, tlottaf,
Pofitives having w for their Vowel, change w into y in the Com~ parative and Superlative; as, Brwnt, bryntach, bryntaf; trum, trymmach, trymmaf.
Thefe following are anomalous or irregular Comparifons,
Da, good; gwell, better; gorau, beft.
Drwg, bad; gwaeth, worfe ; gwaethaf, worft. This Word, and the nine following form the Superlative from the Comparative, not from the Pofitive. \
Bach, or bychan, little; Mai, lefs; leiaf, \eft.
Mawr, great; mwy, greater; mwyaf, greateft,
Hir, long; hwy, longer; hwyaf, longett.
Hin, old; hyn, elder; hynaf, eldeft.
fel, low; is, lower; t/af, lowett.
Uchel, high; uwceh, and uch, higher; uchaf,, higheft.
Ages, near; més, nearer; nefaf, neareft. _
Hawdd, eafy ; haws, more ealy; haw/af, mott eafy.
Liydan, broad ; lléd, broader; Ilettaf, broadeft. |
Liawer, many, borrows mwy, more, and mmvyaf, moft, from mar.
Buan, or clot, (S.W.) fwift; buanach, and cynt, fwifter ; buanaf, and cyntaf, fwifteft.
Teuange, young; tau, and iexangach, younger ; ieuaf, and ieuangaf, youngeft: And fometimes ifaf.
Allan, out; eithaf, utmoft or outermott.
Diwedd, a Subftantive fignifying End, makes the Superlative Diweddaf, \alt, and alfo Diwethaf.
C 2 Tréch,
20 An INTRODUCTION fo
Tréch, ftronger, is a Comparative wanting a Pofitive, and makes its Superlative Trechaf. But Si¢n Tudur hath trechach,
Na ad drachwant yn drechach.
Blaenaf, foremoft, is a Superlative from Blaen.
Olaf, \aft, is a Superlative from 4/.
The Welfh Language, befides the three Degrees of Comparifon already mention’d, hath a fort of Comparifon, which imports fome- times Eguality; fometimes Admiration; and may be explained in
inglifh by as, fo, how; as, Cyn laned ac yntef, as fair as he. Glaned yw! How fair he is! Adelufed yw! How fweet it is! It is formed of the Pofitive, by adding the Syllable ed, according to the Rules of farming the Comparative and Superlative Degrees ; as,
Hardd, harddach, harddaf, hardded. Rhad, rhattach, rhattaf, rhatted; &c.
In Conftruétion it hath prefixed to it, Cyn; as, Cyn debycced, as hike; Hr, although; Er tecced y dywedi, though you fpeak never fo fair. Rhag, (Prep.) for; Rhag glaned yw'r calonnau. Gan, whereas ; Gan bured yw. O, as O fwyned oedd. Och; Och cered yw chwiorydd. A, ac; O Dpvuw tig, ai ddaed djn.
It comes alfo after the Verb, having its radical Initial changed into its foft; as, Edrych decced yw. Ni wyddwn ddaed oedd. Mi a welaf reitied ydyw. And after Pronouns,
Gwae fidi gweddi, gwae fiei gweddwed. DN.
It is fometimes put abfolutely,
Duw cadw Rys, decced ei ridd. DN.
They often prefix Mor in South-Wales inftead of Cyn; as, Ader hardded; mor laned; inftead of which they fay in North-Wales ei- ther, Cyn hardded ; cyn laned; or, Mor hardd; mor lan,
_ Some anomalous Adjeétives form this Kind of Comparifon from their Pofitives; as, Daed, drycced, iewanged, Others, from their Comparatives ; as, Lieied, hyned, ifed, uched, nefed, hawfed, Hetted, treched, Others from both ; as, Buaned, cynted. And others want- ing it; as, Mawr, llawer, hir, uchel; inftead thereof have Cym- maint, cyhyd, cyfuwch, and cyn uched, Ac er byn e dynn y daint, Pth iau gam & thi gymmaint. Li. G. D.
ae
CHAP.
the Weisn LANGUAGE. ar
MHoofogfookocoogohoosoofoofoohoohoote CHAP. XV. - Of the Pronoun. Rhagenw.
F the Proneuns fome are Perfonals; as, Adi, 1; ni, we;:ti, thou; chwi, you; efe, he; bwynt, they. ome are Demontftratives ; as, Hwn, hon, hyn, hwnnaw, honno,
Some are Relatives ; as, Yr hwn, yr hon, yr hyn, y fawl, y ned,
jr un. Some are Poffeffives; as, Mau, tan, fy, dy, ei, etdda. Some are Interrogatives ; as, Pwy, pa. Some are Derivatives; as, A&fi, minnau; tydi, tithau; &e.
I. Of the Perfonal Pronouns, and their Derivatives.
Mi, myfi, 1; minnau, and I, [ alfo: And in Conftruéction fi and i are Singulars, of the Commune Gender and of the firft Perfon. Plur. Ni, nyni, we, us; ninnau, and we, we alfo, us alfo.
Ti, tyd?, thou; tithau, and thou, thou alfo; And in Conftrudti- on di and thi are Singulars, of the Commune Gender and of the fecond Perfon, Plur. Chwi, chwychi, ye or you; chwithau, and you, you alfo. .
Efe, ef, efo, and in Conftrudtion, fe, fo, ¢, 0, he, him, it: Yuteu, or yntau, and he, he alfo, him alfo; Mafculines. Hi, the, her ; Athi, the herfelf; Aithau, and fhe, fhe alfo, her alfo; Femi- nines. ‘Thefe are Singulars, and of the third Perfon. Plur. Hwy, nhwy, they; bwynt hwy, they themfelves; bwynt, them; bwyntau and hwythau, and they, they alfo, them alfo.
Hi, occurs often inftead of the Neuter; as, Y mae hi yn dyddbau, it grows Day.
E and fe, are contracted from efe; O and fo, from ¢fe.
Il. Te Demonftrative Pronouns,
Hwn; Mafc. and Neuter: Hon; Feminine: Hyn; Commune: All of the third Perfon. Plur. Hyn, y rhai hyn, and by Contracti- on y rhai’n, and ’rhai ’n, thofe,
Llewed ai rhjdd Ile daw’r rhat’n Lie diylch lMewod Owain. O LI. M.
Huwnnw ; Mafe. and Neuter: Honno; Feminine: Hynny; Com- mune: All of the third Perfon, Plur. Hynny, rbei ny, y rbet’ny, y rhai hynny, thofe.
III. Rela-
22 An INTRODUCTION fo
IlJ. Relative Pronouns.
Yr bwn, who, whofo, he that. Yr bwn; Mafc. Yrhon; Femin. Yr Aya; Commune; of the third Perfon. Plur. ¥ rhar, Y fawl, who, whofo, &c.. It is a Relative of all Genders and Numbers; third Perfon. Y neb, yr ux, who, whofo, &e. :
They are of all Genders and Numbers; third Perfon. IV. The Pofleflive Pronouns.
? Mau, my, mine.
Mau; Mafc. Fau; Femin. and by Contraction fy; and when it comes before a Vowel, y is catt ey and only f fet down; as, J’ aniyl, for fy anwyl. Fy, is of both Genders.
Tau, thy, thine.
Tau; Mafc. and in Conttruction joined with Feminines Dau, and thence Dy, and by Apoftrophe a’, of both Genders. Denard, for dy enaid.
Ei, his, her. It is of both Genders, and of the Singular Num- ber. —
Ein, our; eich, your, are of both Genders, and of the Plural Number. |
Eu, their: Plural only, of all Genders.
Eiddo, anfwering all the Poffeffives, is therefore of all Perfons, Genders, and Numbers. ;
V. Interrogative Pronouns,
Pwy, who, what Man or Perfon ?
Pa, what, what Thing? and fometimes, what Perfon ?
They are of all Genders and Numbers.
They are not always Interrogatives; but are fometimes Indefi- nites, efpecially when attended with Bynnag, as, Pwy bynnag a. anél hyn, whofoever doeth this. Pa ddjn bynnag ai gwnil, what- foever Man fhall do it.
ES -¢-$- 48:80: -8-$: 40-0: 4-8-8: 8: 0° 8 8-8-0 3:5,
CHAP. XVI. Of the Vers. Gair, Berf.
HE Welfh Verbs are, for the moft Part, formed of Subftan- tives of the fame Signification with them; as, Dy/g, Learn- ing; dy/gais, taught. Cir, a Friend; caraf, I love, or ; will Ove;
A
thee Weisu LANGUAGE. 23
love ; and many are formed of the Prefent Tenfe of the Infinitive Mood aétive.
In fome Verbs the third Perfon-of the Preterperfecét Tenfe is the Radix of Formation; as, eth, daeth, givnacth, bu, oedd, with their Compounds. |
The Forming of a regular VERB ACTIVE. . Indicative Mood, Prefent Tenfe.
The Welfh Tongue is defective in this Tenfe: And therefore, in- ftead thereof, ufeth a Circumlocution, by a Verb Subftantive and the Infinitive Mood of the Verb, ufed inftead of a Partictple of the Prefent Tenfe; as, Yr wyf ya caru, I love or do love, or, Iam loving. But fometimes, inftead thereof, it maketh ufe of the’ Fu- ture Tenfe of the Indicative Mood; as, Credaf yn Nuw Dad, I believe in Gop the Father.. Beth meddi di? What fayft thou ? Mi a welaf, Liee. Tia weli, thou feett. bos
: Preterimperfec? Tenfe.
. € Careun, I loved or did love. | . (Carem, we loved or did love. 2 2 Carit, thon lovedtt or didft love. $ 5 } Carech, ye loved or did love. “ { Carai, he loved or did love. A
Carent, they loved or did love. But this Tenfe is but feldom ufed in the Indicative Mood.
Preterperfee? Tenfe. .» € Cerais, I have loved. - _. ( Carafom, we have loved, 2 2 Ceraiff, thou hatt loved. 3 2 Carafoch, ye have loved. “ { Carodd, he hath loved. ™ { Carafant, they have loved.
This Tenfe is form’d from the Radix, by adding the Termina- tions of the Perfons; and changing the mutable Vowel in the fir/ and fecond Perfon fingular; as Car, cerais, ceraif?; amcan, amcenais, amcenaift.
_ Verbs that have their Radixes of Formation ending in /, and fome that end in 2; and others ending in id, yg, air, ei, and rw, bor- row the Letter 7, and place it after their /, , d, g, 7, iw as, Yombil, pubiliais ; erfyn, erfyniais ; ymlid, ymlidiais ; cynnyz, cynmygiats 5 cyn- mweir, cynniweiriais; ymliw, ymiiwiais, And if their ultimate Vowel be a or ai, they change thefe befides; as, Atial, atteliais ; arwain, arweiniats. |
Verbs ending in w, if w be alfo the Vowcl of the Penultima, the final w is thrown away, and? borrowed; as, Bwrw, bwriais, bw- riaift.
Verbs remaining intire, and having a double mm or nn, before their Vowel, do ordinarily change their laft m or x, into 4, in all Tenfes and Perfons, except where their Radixes are their Perfons ;
aS,
24 An INTRODUCTION fo
ass Cymbellais; &e. Cymborthais, &c. cynheliais, &c. ambeuais, &e, of Cymmell, cymmorth, cynnal, ammeu. Except Cynneu.
_ Many Verbs ending in 2, double their 2, and do not borrow 7 ; as, Gorphen, gorphennais; gofyn, gofynnais.
Somie Verbs, having w for their Characteriftick, by a Syncope cut off a, between their w and f, in forming; as, Taw’/om, clyw’- fom, gwrandau’ fom: Others do not; as, Cadwafom, galwafom.
All Verbs having double Confonants for their Characterifticks, retain thofe double Confonants throughout; as, be $ Agu (gri-~ feunais,{erifennaift, &e., Except Caffael; cefais, cafedd. | Dwyn,, with its Compounds, throw away wyx in forming, and take. yg. in the Room thereof;:as, Dwyn, ymddwyn; Dygais, ym- ddygais, &c, Some.others change wy into y; as, Dirwyn, diryn- nais;.yfewyd, yfgydwais.
_ Verbs. having aww, in ult. with a Confonant following, change atv into 0; as, Dedymfawdd, ymbawr, dadymfoddais, ymborats.
Verbs having wv, in ult. with one or two Confonants following, change w into y throughout ; as, Hebrwng, hebryngais.
Verbs ending in 0, fofm’d from the Verbs ending in aw, not a- pocopated, are varied as Verbs in aw; as, Gwoando, taro, from gwrandaw, taraw, preter. gwrandewais, tarewais, &c.
Verbs, whofe Radixes end in ael, aeth, ain, eg, yd, yll, moft in ed, throw away thefe ‘Terminations in forming; as, Gadael, gedais ; marchogaeth, marchogais; llefain, Ilefais; rhedeg, rhedais; fefyll, fe- fais; cerdded, cerddais. .
Dwyn, makes dig; and Ymddwyn make ymddug, in the third Per- fon fing. of this Tenfe; and Cymmeryd makes fometimes cymmerth.
The third Perfon fing. is often made to end in es; as, Rhoddes Duw; ¢efe @i dodes; cfe a weles yno: Sometimes in is; as, Gwran- dewis, gadewis; Cymro glew a’n gadewis. D.G. And often, b a Poctical Licenfe, in awdd: as, Y ct a las yn y clawdd, Lhy dd. tamt-?r neb ai Haddawdd. D. LI. Ni adawdd, ni bu nawdd nés. Dafydd ap Gwilym.
This Perfon in the Dialeét of South-Wales, ends likewife in ws ; as, Carws, he loved, or he hath loved.
Verbs ending in o in their Radix, throw away / in the Singular Number, and refume it again in the Plural ; as, Troi, troais, troaift, trédd by Contraction for troodd. Plur. Troifom, troifoch, troifant.
The third Perfon fing. of all Tenfes is fometimes put indefinitely for any Perfon of its Tenfe, having a Nominative Cafe fet before it; as, Aty a garodd; ti a garodd; ma garodd; chwi a garodd, &c.
Preterpluperfec? Tenfe. , \ coat I had loved. P Carafem, we had loved.
r
Caraft, thou hadft loved. }.3 4 Cara/ech, ye had loved. Carafai, he had loved, ™ € Cara/ent, they had loved.
cing
t
Future
the Weitsu LANGUAGE, 25
| Future Tenfe.
. € Caraf, I thall or will love. Caraen, we fhall or will love. 2 Cerz, thou fhalt or wilt love $3 < Cerwch, ye hhall or will love. “ € Car, he thall or will love. Carant, they thall or will love.
a
The third Petfon fingular of the Future Tenfe ends commonly and regularly in a; efpecially.in Verbs originally ending in a; as Dictta, gwledda, &c. except bwytty, of bwytta.
So Verbs originally ending in u; as, ’fgrifenna, llamma; of *feri- fennu, llammu, &c. So Verbs,ending in o;. as, Cilia, chwilia; of cilio, chwilio, &c. And Verbs ending in au; as, amlhd, Neibé, &c. (and anciently, amlhaa, lethaa, &c.) of amlhau, llethau, &c. But moft Verbs, remaining intire in forming, are the fame in-the third Perfon fingular, that they are in their Relive as, Arwain, dar- Hain, cynnyg, dechreu, ymladd, cynnwys, gorphiwys, tywys, &c.
Some Verbs, having a in the Ultima of their Radixes, change that @ into ai or ¢i in the third Perfon fingular; as, Saf, faif, dafn, daifn; pall, geill; parch, peirch. So, Cadw, ceidw; galw, geil. And if they have @ alfo in their Penult. that @ is moreaver changed into.2;.as, Gwahardd, gweheirdd; gwarchadw, gwercheidw.
When Verbs have a in the Penultima and ¢ in the Ult. the a is changed into.¢; and the ¢ into y; as, Gwared, gweryd; atteb, ettyb.
Some Verbs, which have o for the Jaft Vowel of their Radixes, change that ¢ into y; as, 7rd, try; torr, tyrr; rhodd, rhjdd; ffo, Sys goleh, gylch; dod,dyd; clo, cly; lofg, lyfg. And their Com- pounds, Yindry, ymylch, datcly, dyry, ymdry. So Diolch, diyleh; ef- gor, elgyr; gwrtbod, gwrthyd ;.cymmorth, cymmyrth.
Others changé a ihfo atv; as, Teddi, tawdd; bodd:, batwdd; toli, tawl; molt, mawl. . - | '
If Verbs, having o in the Ultima, have a or a in the Penultima, they change the a or o into e, and the o of the Ultima into 7; as, Gwrando, gwrendy; gado, gedy; taro, tery; addo, eddy; gofaod, ge- fyd; ares, erys. | :
Some Verbs are reducible to no Rules; as, Gwyd, of codt; dzvg, Of dwyn; chwardd, of chwerthin, |
A great Corruption hath long fince prevailed, both in Talking and Writing Wel, to make this Perfon end in iff; as, Sefiff, tor faif torriff, for tyrr; ey for liaddd; but no Verb ends thus, except the Verb irregular Caiff, from Caffael. Dr. Davies treats this Barbarifm with the Cenfure it deferves. ‘* Jamdudum obti- “ nuit, ut hec Perfona, corruptiflimé vulgd exeat in iff. Quod “ faétum exiftimo ex xaxcfnrja, & prava imitatione Anomali Cazff, “ 4 Caffael. Ut Ceriff, pro Car; Periff, pro,pair; Rhoddiff, pro * Rhydd, &c. Que nunquam fine indignatione audio. Hc Ve- © teribus ignota fuere, 8 ab sala & Poetis, ut fummai tinc-
“6 ta =
26 An INTRODUCTION £6 ‘* ta barbarie, femper vitata; ut ne a monofyllabo quidem 4f, Ibo, “* aufi fint dicere Auf, pro @, ibit; ne quidem poft Adverbium a: * fed femper dixerunt, a 4, ibit.” eee a.
Dyn wyf a a dan ti wad,
Er nad a’r un ai dywad, - #. K.
Liywelyn drews-dynn a a droftt: D. G.
Ac aa dan Gaeo dir. L. G. '
Imperative Mood.
» | Carwan, let us love, .. § Car, love thou. + 06 fer Mtoe, FL J Sra eee The fecond Perfon Singular is the fame with the third Perfon Sir gular of the Future Tenfe of the Indicative; except in fuch Verbs as change the Vowels of the Future; as, Tyrr, try, gylch, &c. which rake here no Change; as, Torr, tro, gokch, &c. And from gado, is formed gad. The third Perfon Smgular ends fornetimes in sd, with the ufual Change of the Vowels ; as Certd DUW fi, for €ared. a Ail the Plural is always the fame as the Plural of the Future Tenfe of the Indicattve Mood; fave only that the Poets fometimes make the third Perfon end in ent; as, Carent, for Carant. And in Ont, from the Future of the Potential, whence ¢ being thrown away, On; asy coe aS Cornwal CaerHeon galwon am geilog. R.N. : | Optative Mood. ae The Optative, Potential and pr ee Moods are the fame in Voice; and their Signification is diftinguifhed only by the Particles joined to them. They want the Prefent Tenfe.. ao Preterimper fet? Lenfe. Sing. Carton, cerit, cardi. Plur. Carem, carech, carent. The third Perfon Plural, in the Poets, ends alfo in aint, which Dr. Davies takes to be the genuine and regular Termination of thig Perfon, from the third Perfon Singular, ai. Neft wiw goeth, wenddoeth, wyn-ddaint ac Tfer A mwy na rbagor i'm anrhegaint. D, G. Bos And ¢ being thrown away, ain, Ac ma bain ar druain draed, for baint. D.G, | But the whole Plural is made moft ufually in the Poets, by chang- ing the Vowels of the Penultima, and fosming the Termination by ¥4 a8, Cerym, cerych, cerynt. ‘ res
the Wetsn LANGUAGE. 23
Preterperf. and Preterpluper fe? Tenfes. Sing. Cerafwn, cargfit, carefai. Plur. Cargafem, carafech, carafent.
The Plural, in this Tenfe alfo, is often in the Poets, Care/ym, tarefych, carefynt. -
? i Future Tenfe.
. Sing. Carwyf, cerych, caro: — Plur. Garom, carech, caront. Infinitive Maod. :
The Infinitive Mood hath various Endings, and very frequent a Confonant; but it more commonly ends with the Vowels, a, i, o,u. And fome end in au, an, ain.
The Infinitive Mood is known commonly by the Sign /, To; or 7 its following another Verb in the farhe Sentence, without an
ominative Cafe between. And though the Verb ftand unvaried, as to itfelf; yet doth it admit of three Tenfes; the Prefent, the Preter, and Preterpluperfe@ Tenfes. As for Example:
Prefent Tenfe, J ddywedyd, to fay: Anfonodd fi i ddywedyd wr- shych, He fent me to tell you. Dy/gweh ofni’r ARGLWYDD, Learn to fear the Loib. -
Preter. Tenfe. Dywedi i mi ’th dwyllo, Thou fayft that I have deceived thee. | | : : ca! ai Tenfe. Hueradd i mi ddywedyd, He alerted that I had
aid. . :
The Voice of the Infinitive Mood is diverfly ufed.
Firft, As Subffantives: and as fuch, are made Nominative Cafes to Verbs, and Subftantives to Adjectives; as, Guweithig /ydd boenus Vr dieg, To work is painful tq the lazy. |
Secondly, As Gerunds; as, Nid oes diben ar wneuthur Ilyfrau lawer, making many Books there is no End. Iriwy rodio ger dy fron, By walking before thee. O’u cgdw y mge gwobr lawer, In keeping of them there is great Reward. ee
Thirdly, As Supines; as, Acth i bregethu’r efengyi, He went to preach the Gofpel. Anweddaidd iw or 21 ddyfeu, Unifeemly to be taught or learnt.
Fourthly, It fupplies all the Perfons of the Prefent Tenfe of the Indicative Vtood: ee that Tenfe. It alfo fupplies the Perfons of the Preterpluperfect Tenfe of the Subjunctive Mood, Vedi, being placed before the Nonwinative Cafe; as, Weds i'r gtir lefaru, After the Man had fpoke.
, Paffive Voice.
All Verbs Paffives have but one Termination, being the Voice of the third Perfon Singular, which ferves throughout all the Perfons @ both Numbers.
Da The
28 fn INTRODUCTION fo-
The Changes of Vowels, in forming Verbs Paffives, are thefe which follow: » |
A, in the Ultima of the Radix of Formation in the Aétive Voice, is changed in fome Tenfes of the Paffive into ¢; as Car, cerid; ladd, leddid. | ,
Ai, in the Ultima of the Active, is changed into er, in the Paf- five; as, Arwain, arweinir. Wnug is changed into Yng; as, he- brwng, hebryngir, Wyn is.changed into yg; as, Ymddwyn, ymddy-
gir. Indicative Mood, Prefent.Tenfe. _. We have no Prefent Tenfe, but form it by a Participle and a Verb Subftantive Paffive. , Fy ngharu, 1 am loved. Sing. Yr ydys yn-4 dy garu, thou art loved. et garu, he is loved. ein caru, we are loved. Plur. Yr ydys yn eich caru,. ye are loved. eu caru, they are loved. Or we ufe the Future Tenfe inftead of the Prefent; as, Sing, Cerir fi, ti, ef. Plur. Cerir ni, chwi, bwynt. Rkwyddach y cerir beddyw Rhodd, a gwnai fidd, na iawn fy. Preterimper fit Fenfe. I was loved, thou wert loved, &c. Sing. Cerid fi, ti, ef. — Plur. Cerid ni, chwi, bwynt. Or with the Pronoun fet before the Verb. Sing. Mi, ti, efe a gerid. Plur. Ni, chwi, hwy a gerid. Periphraftical Formation. Ocddid } yn fy ngharu, dy garu, ¢i garu. 1 Way. Byddid t dices : Baid Plur. ein, etch, eu carn,
Sing. Fe a’m, a’th, @i 2 Way. | Plur. A’n, a’ch, a’u, ‘ ceria.
Preterperfec? Tenfe. J have been loved, thou haft been, &c. Sing. Carwyd fi, ti, ef. Plur. Carwyd ni, chwi, bwynt.
Or periphraftically as the Preterimperfect Tenfe ; for all the Tenfes of the Paffive Voice may be formed in three Ways; which I mention here once for all, that there may be no Need of fetting their periphraftical Formation down under every Tenfe.
Some Verbs have p inferted in this Tenfe; as, Gwnaethpwyd, for gwnaethwyd; dywetpiwyd, for dywedwyd; and in South-Wales, dywefpwyd. So claddpwyd, laddpwyd, for claddwyd, laddwyd.
i
the WeLsn LANGUAGE, 29 Ni roddai berthmen ilon llwyd; Er ugeinpunt a ganpwyd, for a ganwyd.. DG, - So gwenpwyd for gwanwyd in Aneurin and En. Gwe. This Tenfe ends alfo in ed, inftead of wyd ; as, Angall ywy djn nis del et grid Ar y gor goréu aaned, for anwyd. LI. G.
Gwae ft Grift Celt caled o’m rhyfyg A rhyfedd i'm cofped, for cofpwyd. D.G.
_ Gwae ni faint fu gri boll gréd oi drengi; Gwae fi Zt det ais a dorred, for dorrwyd. D.N.
And the Participles of this Tenfe end all in edig; as, Caredig, ganedig, cofpedig, torredig, from Cared, ganed, cofped, torred, It ends likewife in ad, Pedwar angel DUW’ m mblith a welad : Pedwar maib Phulpod, llewod penllad. L. G, And Jas is ufed for lladdwyd, Llas Arthur, llu a of shai a Lluddiwyd nerth, addwyd et Nai, . And Anydeedd for Anwyd, Y mab ydoedd A anydoedd Dan ei nodau. Br. F. Preterpluperfect Tenfe. I had been loved, thou hadft been, &e. Sing. Carafid, or carcfid, fr, ti, ef. Plur. Carafid, or carefid, ni, chwi, bwynt. Puture Tenfe. Sing. Cerer, fi, ti, ef. Plur. Cerir, ni, chwi, hivynt. Imperative Mood. Sing. Carer, fi; di, ef. . Plur. Carer, mi, chwi, hwynt. Optative, Potential, and Subjunétive Mocds. Prefent Tenfe. | Sing. Cerir, fi, di, ef. Plur. Cerir, ni, chwi, bwynt.
pigs Tenfe. Sing. Cerid, fi, di Plur. Cerid, ni, chit, bwynt. Pranphyerfe Tenfe. Sing. Carefid, fi, di, ef. — Plur. Carefid, ni, chwi, bwynt. Future Tenfe. |
Sing. Carer, fi, di, Se
4° ‘An INTRODUCTION £6
ae Infinitive Mood.
This Mood hath but one Voice, whichis the fame as that of the Infinitive Mood AAive ; and its Tenfes are diftinguifh’d only by the Tenfe the former Verb is of. © |
Participles, ‘ i ddyn, loving to Man. Caredig 4 ddjn, beloved of Man. Ddjn, beloved Man. Caradwy, to be loved.
The Participle of the Second or Paffive Future is alfo otherwife made, by either prefixing or fubjoining Gwiw, to the Subft. whence the Verb is derived; as, pwitwgled, gwiwgais, or, clodwiw, ceifwrw. Or otherwife, by prefixing Hy, to the Radix of the Verb; as, Aiy- gar, hyddy/g, hyglod, hyffordd, hygof. If Words compounded with Hy, do not rather import.a Difpofition or arg ee and anfwer to able, or ible, the common Termination of Engii/h Adjectives ; as, Hyblyg, flexible, or which may be bent; Hygof, memorable, or which may be eafily minded or called to Mind, —
. Lmperfonals, | Imperfonals are fuch as have no Perfons, except the third Perfon Singular only; as, Dyddhau, to dawn; nofi, to grow Night; dy¢d- haodd, it dawn’d ; nofedd, it grew Night; dyddbafai, it had dawn’d; nofafai, it had grown Night. Perfonals alfo fometimes turn to /m- perfonals; as, Edifaredd arnaf, chwithadd, arna; fynnedd, arnynt.
BR IR RIKI IK IAHR IR RHI: AIP I IR HRI PK PIE IK HO, CHAP, XVII,
The Vers SuBSTANTIVE.
Indicative Mood. Prefent Ten/z.
ING. Wf, Tam; wyt or wyd, thou art; yw, mac, oes, {ydd, » ) and by Apocope fy, he is.
Plar. Ym, we are; ych, ye arc; ynt, maent, they are.
_ | Or thus as it were doubled :
ding. Ydwyf, ydwyt or ydwyd, ydyw. Pl. Ydymn, ydych, ydynt.
And poetically thus : °
Sing. Yttwyf, yttwyt or yttcuyd, yttyw. Plur. ‘Yetym, yttych, yttynt.
: Yw, ydyw, db, and fidd, are Indefinites; and ferve all the Per- fons of both Numbers indifferently, Pre-
the Wetsu LAnGUags. Sf
Preterimperfeit,Ten{e, “ie <5 eeu Ocddwn, 1 was; seddit, or callie, Give. wales de oy
whan, Ocda Oeddym or oeddem, we were; edly or -eeddech, ye were’; eeddynt OF oeddent, they were. » Preterperfelt Tenft.’ Sing. Bim, Ihave been; bus/?, thou haft been; dx, he hath been. Plur. Buom, we have been; busch, ye pave been; buant or buont,
we ite ve been. éad of bum they fay commonly, in ‘SoushWales, bee. Preterpluperfe2 Tenfe. nyse ales, I had been ; buafi t, thou hadft been ; buafai, he had bee
Plur. bach we had been ; bua ech, ye had been; buafent, they had been; or Bucfyn, buefych, buefynt: Future Tenfe. 7 Sing. Byddaf, I fhall or will be; dyddi, thou fhalt, &c. bjdd, he
9 le '
Plur. Byddwn, we fhall or will be; dyddweb, ye fhall, &c. by- ddant, they fhall, ec. * Imperative Mood:
Bing, Bydd, be thou; bydded, bued, bid, Yet him-be.- Plur. Byddwza, let us be; byddweh; be ye; byddant, let them be. Optative, Potential, and Subjunéive Moods, Preterimp. Ten/e. Sing. Byddwn, byddit, byddai. Plut. Byddem, byddech, byddent ; » byddych, byddynt. Or contrattedly thus : Sing. Bawn, bait, bais -Plur. Baem, baech, baent; and beym,
beych, bepnt. Preterpluperfe® Tenfe. Sing. Buafwn, buafit, buafai. Plur. Buafem, buafech, buafent. - Future Tenfe. iy Sing. Byddwyf, byddych’ or byddech, byddo. Plur. Byddom, byddoch, byddont.
Or otherwife thus : wie Bythwyf, bythych or bythech, bythe, Plur. Bythom, bythoch, nt. j
And by Contraétion thus: Sing. Buyf, djch or béch, bo. Plur. Bim, bich, bint.
Infinitive Mood,
In all Tenfes Béd. This
32 An INTRODUCTION to
This Word, like allother Verbs of the Infinitive Mood, is ufed for a, Suibftantive. . Bid, a Dwelling, a Manfion; .as, Béd "Feagon 5 ; Bid Idris, Bed Rychwins Haf-fod, and by aes ee ; alfo a Being or Exiftence. .» ;
Paffive Voiee, “! This Verb hath only the third Perfon. Singular, throughout all the Moods and Tenfes of this Voice. Indicative Mood.’ Prefent Tenfe. Ydys; in the Poets and in | Soh. Wale aa Powys, Ys» <The Poets alfo ufe, Yais.. Preterimperfecét Tenfe. Ocddid. | Preterperfe&t Tenfe. Buwyd. Preterpluperfeét Tenfe. Buafid or busfid Future Tenfe. Byddir. . , Imperative Mood. ‘Bydder, Er bod rhwng y dwfn a’r bas, Bydder fel a addas. Optative, Potential, and Subjunétive Moods. eeigi caiaea Tenfe. Byddid; and by ee Beid, and bai Preterpluperfe&t Tenfe. Buafid or buefid. Future Tenfe. Bydder, and byther; and contractedly, Baers Participle.
The Participle i is formed of the Infinitive, by ae a Prepo- fition; as, Yn dod, being or exifting.
tebe eke
CHAP. XVIIE. The Compounds of the Vers SuBsTANTIVE.
Henyw, Cenyw, Deryw, Goryw. Indicative Mood. Preleit Tenfe ; third Perfon Sing. Henyw, Cenyw, Deryw, Goryw, Mawrferch Ifor a’m goryw, Mwy na ferch ar ordderch yw. D. G. Arwydd mai hyn a oryw, Aredig dyfgedig yw. Ar y djn a oryw duyll, D.G, Amcanodd, p’am y cenyw, Neitia i’r ‘bédd, antur ci byw. DLN. They
the Wetsit LAnctace. 33
They afe but feldomi found in the other Perfons; . Canwyf drwy ffeneftr wydrlen, Guwynfyd gwyr cedd ganfod Gwen. D.G: Gorwy fim gwiw-nwyf a’m gwidd, Gorphwyll am ganwyll Gwynedd. ib. Am rwyf y darwyf ac neutl areu. D.B. Canach fi p’ am y cenynt Caeau Duw nad coated: yt. D.G. | Preterimper fect Tenfe. | Sing. Hansédduin, hanoeddit, hanoedd. Plur. Hanoeddym, han- ceddych, banoeddynt. ee ; Déerytv makes only Ddreédd in the thifd Perfon fing. Goryw and Cenyw want this Tenfe. ' | Pretérper fet? Tenfe. | Sing. Hanfum, hanfuoft, hanfu; and hanbu. Plur. Hanfuom, ban- fuoch, hanfuant. | | Sing. Darfum, darfugft, darfu: Plur. Darfuom, darfuoch, dar- t
nt. In like Manner are Gorfum; and Canfum formed. Preterpluperfec? Tenfe. | Sing: Hanfuafwn, hanfuafit, hanfuafai. Plat. Hanfuafem, han- fi fe becfuclead peer rh Snfiuych henge 0 Darfuafwn, gorfuafwn, canfiiafwn; | Future Tenfe. Sing. Hanfyddaf, hanfyddi, henfydd and hanbydd. Plur. Havpddar Deepjddion.” henfyldent : And contracted as follows : Sing. Hanffaf, henffi, henffydd. Plurs Hanffiwn, henffwch, han- ant. So Darfydduf, darfyddi, derfydd. Plur. Darfyddwn, bc. Gorfyddaf, pall gorfydd, &e, ” Canfyddaf, canfyddi, cenfydd, &c. Imperative Moed. Caret. Hanfydded, Hanfyddom, hanfyddoch, hanfyddont. x Cenfydd, canfydded. 3 Canfyddim, canfyddoch, canfyddont.
% ) Caret, Darfydded, Darfyddom; darfyddoch, darfyddont. Caret. Gorfydded. Gorfyddom, gorfyddoch, gorfyddont. _Henyw is alfo thus contraéted :
Third Perfon fing. Hanffed. Plur. Hanffom, hanffach, hanffont.
E Inftead
34. fn INTRODUCTION £0.
Inftead of the fecond Perfon fing. of the Verb Henyw, we ule the fecond Perfon fing. of the Future Tenfe of the Optative, Hanfydd- ych, and hanffych, and hanbych. Allo Derfid is ufed contractedly for Darfydded.
Optative, Potential, and Subjunétive Moods.
Prefent Tenfe. Sydde M, fyddech, Syddent.
or, fyddym, fyddych, fyddynt. Hanfyddwn, &c, is alfo contraéted thus : Sing. Hanffwn, hanffit, hanffai. Plar. Hanffem, hanffech, hanffent- And Darffai, gorffai, are ufed in the third Perfon fing. inftead of Darfyddai, gorfyddai. Gwae wlad oer gwilto derwen _ VY darffai i wynt dorri phen. And fometimes written with th, inftead of dd. Os gwir fyth nis gorfythwn. G. Gl. The Preterpluperfec is the fame as that of the Indicative.
Future Tenfe. Hanfyddwwyf, ddych, ddo. ddem, ddoch, ddont. And Hanffwyf, hanffych, banffo. ffom, ffoch, front. And Haupwy/, pych, po. pom, poch, pont. And Hanbwyf, bych, &c. So Canfyddiwyf, ddych, ddo. Plur. ddom, ddoch, ddont. Darfyddwyf, ddych, &c. Gorfyddwyf, gorfyddych, &c. And con- § D x so a = Cou b gich, fo. § Plur. ffom, ffach, font Infinitive Mood. Hanfod, and hanffod, which are alfo afed for Subftantives. Canfod, darfod, gorfod. | Paffive Voice. Indicative Mood. We have no Prefent Tenfe, but ufe the Future inftead of it; as, Hanfyddir or hanffir, canfyddir, darfyddir, gorfyddir. he Preterimperfeé Tenfe is the fame as that of the Optative ; Hanceddid, hanfyddid and hanffid; canfyddid, darfyddid, gorfyddid.
Sing. Plor
Han
Can ; Dar ¢ Didier, Spddit, fiddai. Gor
Sing. Plur.
Preterperfec? Tenfe. Hanfuwyd, hanffwyd and hanpwyd; Canfuwyd, darfuwyd, gor- fuuyd, | . . Future Tenfe.
Hanfyddir, hanffir. Canfyddir, darfyddir, gorfyddir.
the We.tsu LANGUAGE, 35
Imperative Mood. Hanfydder and hanffer. Canfydder and canffydder, Darfydder and darffer. Gorfydder and gorffer. Optative, Potential, and Subjunctive Moods. Preterimper fee? Tenfe. Hanseddid, banfyddid and hanffid. Canfyddid, darfyddid, gorfyddid.
Preterpluper fe? Tenfe. Hanfuafid and hanffafid, Canfuafid, darfuafid, gorfuafid. Future Tenfe.
Hanfydder and hanffexv. Canfydder and canffydder, Darfydder and darffer. Gorfydder and gorffer. Cymmer dt air Cymru dég, - A gair Ffrainge, lle garffer ach, A gair loegr, y gir liwgoch, G. GI.
Participles. | Yn Hanfod, or hanffod; yn canfod ; yn darfad ; yn safe
PORK I: XH HAO CHAP. XIX.
The IRREGULAR VERBS.
Of Aeth, Daeth, and Gwnaeth,
HESE Words are of the third Perfon fingular of the Pre- terperfect Tenfe of the Indicative Mood; and are the Ra- dixes of Formation.
The Prefent Tenfe of thefe Verbs i is fupplied by the Verb Sub- ftantive and their Infinitive Mood, ufed initcad of a Participle of the Prefent Tenfe.
Preterperfect Tenfe- , .( 3. Aeth, ke went. Darth, he came. Gevnacth, he made. s } Acthoft, daethoft, geunaethof, thou wenteft, thou cameft, &c. © €1. Acthym, daethym, gwnaethym, or Euthym, deuthym, goncuthym. ‘ Acth, 3 5) Dew bon, och, ant, and ont.
Gaenaeth,
Inftead of ym of the firft Perfon fing. we ufe wn; as, Asthum,
dacthum, gwnacthum. And corruptly in South-Wales, Futho, deutho, gwnentho. E2 | The
36 fn INTRODUCTION fo
The antient Poets inftead of Acth ufed Ethyw. — Nef neud ethyw llyw llafn-rudd, Br. F, - And Eddyw, Ac 0 Wynedd pan eddyw, Ac wyr i haul awyr yw. D.G. So they fay in Powys, Y dydd eddyw, i.e. Y¥ dydd a aeth, the Day that is paft. | | And Eddwyd for Aethoft, Cau a wnaf fy nynyn lhwyd Y ddeuddurrh yn le’dd eddwyd, P,G, And Ethwyf for Aethym, Ethwyf o wiwnwyf yn iach. ib. Deddyw for Daeth, Deddyw 0: phen lw diddw. D.G., Dafydd ei ddjdd addeddyw. M.B, Mawr anrhydedd a’m deddyw, Mi a gif o byddaf byw. D.G, And Dothytu, Gwell nd Nidd am fidd fu lyw a golled Ergyllaeth a’m dothyw. Be F, cai And Deddyw, —Dolur gormadd a’m doddyw. And Dyfu antiently, Tri theyrn maon, A ddyfu a Frythn. Aneurin. Dyfu brenbin Lloegr yn llurygawg, Gyd daeth ef nid aeth yn warthegawg. M. B. Which is ufed likewife in other Perfons and Tenfes ; as, Dybuaut i gyd i'r un orfedd, I Frefi at Ddewi dda ei fuchedd. G. Br. Dyddeuant attaw a ddotter ym medd, Dybuyf o'm camwedd, DUW a’m cymmer, Dybo i’m dryftyd cyn pryd pryder. LI. F, Inftead of Deuant, dehwyf, dela. And Dathwyf for daethym, Atteb a ganaf a ganwyf, ARGLWYDD, Erglyw fi can dothwyf. Cynddelw. And Gwneddyw for gwnaeth, Lhufr a rlufedd y gwneddyw, D.G, Di yminynedd im guneddyw, ib.
the WetsH LANGUAGE, 37 And Gwaaddeedd for zwnaeth, Lbs gwin ac emys ddigammoedd gyllid, Och golli a’i gwnaddoedd. D. &. And Gorug and goreu, ; Gorug Seferus gwaith cain, Yn draws, dros ynys Brydain, Rhag gwerin gythrawl gwawl fain, N. Ei wayw a oreu yn ddau banner. En. Gwalch. Y gwr an goreu maddeu medd-dawd. {b. And Gorfu, Ef yn lhwyr a’n guwyr, of a’n gorfu Es goreu gorwyrain a fu. EJ. S. And Gwneddwyf for gwnaethym, | Prydu ? th widd a wneddwyf, Prid yw’r Swydd, pryderus wyf. D.G. Preterpluper feed Tenfe. - { Gwaaethavn, , 2 Dasthwn, thit, thai. \ 5 2 them, thech, thent. 2 € Acthwn, Aan Future Tenfe.
Af, ai 0% ti, & Arun, euch, dnt. - \ Deuaf, deni, daw. . \ Deuawwn, deuwceh, deuant. 2 < Dof, di, commonly Down, dowch, dont, commonly Ww § Dawaf, dewi, in S.W. Dawn, dewch, dawant, in §. i. Gwnaf, gwnai, gwna. Gunawn, gwnewch, guvndut. Hwyr y rhof o dof i dir. D.G. ‘The Compound Dyddaw is ufed by the antient Poets from Daw. Can dyddaw angeu angen drallawd. M.B. Caru dyn nid dilys ogened, Can dyddaw ei fraw frwyn dynged. Gwealch,
Imperative Mood.
E| a
2 3 . ° Dos, Aed, eled and elid, hee paint 9 bxt. Gana, gwnaed, gwneled and lid. | Gaunawn, gaunewch,gaunant
Dyred Deued, deled and delid. and Dyre { Doed, commonly
Tyred ‘ ‘ and Tyre Dawed, in S. ¥’.
Deuwn, druwceh, deuant.
Down, dowch, dont, vulgo
Dawn, dewch, dawant, in S.WhW.
Sing. Plur.
Optative, Potential, and Subjunétive Moods. ~ Preterimper fee Tenfe. bing. Aun, ait, ai. Plur, Aem, aech, aent; or Eym, eych, eynut.
38 An INTRODUCTION fo
Or Ekun, elit, elai. Pl. Elym, velych, elynt. So Gwnawn, gunait, gwnai. Pl. Gwnaem, &c. or Gwneym, Xc, Or Gwnelwn, lit, lai. Pl. Gwmnelym, ych, ynt, And Deutn, deurt, deuai. Pi. Deuem, deuech, deuent, Or Delwn, delit, delat. Pl. Delem, delech, delent. Or Down ee dot. Es ee doech, doent. UN ¢ Dait, dai. §$* t Daem, daech, daent.
Preterpluperfect Tenfe. . _ C Aethawn, aethit, acthai. Xt Acthem, acthech, acthent. 2 Daethacn, dacthit, daethai. 3 Dacthem, daethech, daethent Gwraetbwnr, gwaaethit, gunaethai }™ Gavnacthem, gwnacthech,
_ guwnacthent.
In Powys and South-WVales they ufe likewife Eifwn, delfwn, gwn- elfwn, &c. oe
Dn
Future Tenfe, . tb Ekuyf a 3 . 3 2 3 4 Delwyf Lit, lo. 43 2 lom, lich, lont. 2 ( Gwnelwyf a4 _
Inftead of the third Perfon fing. Delo, the Antients ufe fome- times Dyfo, from the Infinitive, dyfod; as,
Pan ddyfo Dafydd yn nydd pennawd, Peryf par wrthfyn yn erbyn brawd. M. B,
Infinitive Mood. Myned, to go, and by Contraction Mynd,. Dyfed, to come, and fometimes Dywod. Gwneuthur, to make, and Gwneuthud. Participle of the Prefent Tenfe. Yn myned, yn dyfod, yn gwneuthur. Future Tenfe. Ar, or Arfedr myned, dyfod, gwneuthur, Paffive Voice. Indicative Mood. Preterper fect Tenfa.
Aed, aethwyd, and aethpwyd. Deued, doed, and daed, daethwyd, and daethpwyd.
Gwnaed, gwnacthwyd, and gwnaethpwyd.
Preterpluperfee Tenfe. Aethid, and Elfid. Daethid, and delfid. Gwnaithid, and gwnelfid,
Future Tenfe. Air or eir. Deuir, commonly Dair in N. W. Dewir in §. 4.
Gwnair, and gwneir. Imperative
the Wetsu LANGUAGE, 39
Imperative Mood. Aer, and eler. Deuer, and Deler, in N. VW. commonly Deer, and Daer, In $. ¥. Dawer. Optative, Potential, and Subjundive Moods.
Aid, eid, and eld.
Preterimp. Tenfe. } Dei doid, and delid. Gwanaethid or gwnelfid. Methid or elfid.
Preterplu. Tenfe. } Dect or delfid. Gwnaethid or gwnelfid.
Aer or eler.
Future Tenfe. Deuer and Deler, commonly deer and daer ; in 8. WY. dawer,.
Gwuaer and gwneler. Participle. Gwneuthuredig, made or done. The reft have none.
Of the Vers Gwn, I know, or Gwyded, to know.
Indicative Mood. Pretent Tenfe. Sing. Gwn, I know; gwyddo/t, thou knoweft; giwyr, he knoweth. Pl. Gwyddom, we know ; gwyddoch; ye know ; gwyddant, they know. Preterimper fe? Tenfe. — Sing. Gwybyddwn, ddit, ddai. Pl. Gwyhy idem, ddech, ddent. And contracted, Gwyddwn, gwydidit, swyddat, &c. And, Gwypwn, gwypit, gwypat, Nc. Preterper fect Tenfe. Sing. Gwybum, swybuoft, gwybu. Pl. Gwybuom, givybuoch, gwybuant. | | Future Tenje. Sing. Gwybydd, he will know; gwybyddi, thou wilt know; guwy- byddaf, I will know. Plur. Gwybyddwn, we will know; weh, ye wil¥know, az, they will know. The third Perfon fingular is the Radix. Imperative Mood. Sing. Guwybydd, grybydded, and by Contraction cuyped, Plur. Gwybvddwn, gwyhyddweh, gwvbyddant.
40 fin INTRODUCTION #0
‘Optative, Potential, and Subjundtive Moods. Preterimperfec? Tenfe.
Sing: Gwybyddwn, ddit, ddai. Plur. Gwybyddem, ddech, ddent.
And by Contraction Guyddwn, ddit, ddat, Pl. Gwyddem, ddéch, ddent.
And Guypwn, gwypit, gwypdt, &c.
And the third Perfon fingular is fometimes gwyddiad,
Gwaith cymmen ar fedwen fad, | Gweddeiddiaw gwydd a wyddiad. D.G. Preterpluperfect Tenfe.
Sing. Gwybuafwn, afit, afai.. Plur. Gwybuafem, dfechy afent.
Aaa contracted Gwybafwn, aft, afai, &c: |
And Gwyddafwn, aft, afai, &c. ;
The entire Wofd is Gwybyddafwn; whence dd being cut fF by Syncope, it is gwybuafwn; and throwing away u, it is gwybafwn.
Future Tenfe: Sing. Gwybyddwyf, ddych, ddo. Pl. Gwybyddom, ddoch, ddont. And contrattedly, Gwypwyf, gtvypych; gwypo, &c. Infinitive Mood. Givybod, to know. Paffive Voice. Indicative Modd. | Prefent Tenfe. Gwyddir, gwyddys, and by Contraction, gwys. Yno y gwys ddifwyno ei gwidd. D. Gi
And poetically, Gwyddis, and gwis.
Preterimperfect Tenfe. Gwydd:d. ,
Preterperfe&t Tenfe. Gwybuwyd, and by Contraction gwypwyd.
Future Tenfe. Gwybyddir, and contractedly gwypir.
Imperative Mood. Gwybydder, and contractedly gwyper.
Optative, Potential, and Subjunétive Moods. Preterimp. Tenfe. Gwybyddid, and contragtedly gwypid. Preterplu. Tenfe, Gwybyddafid, and by Contraction gtvyba/id. Future Tenfe. Guphydder and by Contraction gwyper. Participles. Gwybodedig. Gwybedadwy.
Of the VerB Adwaen, I know. Adnabod, to know.
This Verb hath two Radixes; for fome Tenfes are formed of
the Prefent Tenfe Adwaen, and fome of the Infinitive Adnabod, in the fame Manner as Gwybod.
— Indicative
the Wetsu LancuaGe. 4t Indicative Mood. Prefent Tenfe. Sing. Adwaen, adwaenoft, edwyn, I know, &e. Plur. Adwaenom, och, ont or ant. And in the Poets Adwen is ufed for Adwam. Preterimperfeet Tenfe. Sing. Adwaenwn, adwaenit, adwaenai. Plur. Adwaenem, nech, nent: Adwaenym, nych, nynt. | Preterperfe Tenfe. Sing. Adnabum, adriabuoft, adnabu. P|. Adnabuem, och, ont ox ant. Adwaeniad is alfo ufed for Adnabu. Yne yynt et enw a gad, T mae djn am adwaeniad, D, G.
And Je/o hath ufed Adwaenodd, Cynfigen brefen heb ridd, Godineb gwae ai ’dwaenodd, F uture Tenfe. Precis Adnabyddaf, adnabyddi, adnebydd. P\. Adnabyddwn, ddweh, Imptrative Mood. —
Sing. Adnebydd, adnabydded. P\, Adnabyddwn, adnabyddwch, ad-
" Optative, Potential, and Subjundtive Moods. Preterimperfet? Tenfe.
Sing. Adnabyddwn, adnabyddit, adnabyddai. 1, Adnabyddem, ddech, ddent. |
And, Adwaemwn, adwaenit, &c. and contraétedly, Adnappwn,
pit, pai, &c. Preterpluperfe&? Tenfe. Sing. Adnabuafun, fit, far: Pl. Adnabuafem, fech, fent. | Future Tenfe. Sing. Adnabyddwyf, ddych, ddo. Pl. Adnabyddom, och, ont. — And, Adwaenwyf, &c. and contraktedly, Adnappwyf, adneppych, ©
a &cx ; = Infinitive Mood. Adnabod, to know. Paffive Voice. Indicative Moed. Prefent Tenfe. Adwaenir. Preterimperfect Tenfe. Adwaenid, andadnabyddid. ¥F Preter-
42 4n INTRODUCTION fo | Preterperfect Tenfe. Adnabuwyd. Future Tenfe. © Adnabyddir. . Imperative Mead. Adnabydder, and Adwaener, and by Contraction, Adnapper- Optative, Potential, and SubjunSive Moods. Preterimperfect Tenfe. Adwaenid, and Adnabyddid. Preterperfect Tenfe. Adnabuafid. Future Tenfe. Adnabydder, and adnapper, and adwaener. Participle. Adnabodedig,
er ee is formed as Adnabed, except in. thofe Tenfes, which are formed from Adwaen.
7
Of the Vers Cael, Cabel, and Caffac
Alive Voice. Indicative Mood. Preterpluperfec? Tenfe.
Cefais, cefaift, caffodd or cafas.) . ¥ or contractedly, 3 — cawfoch, cawfant. Cés, céfi, cadd or cas. om
Future Tenfe. ! Sing. Cif, ; cai, cet, and ceffi; caiff. Pl. Cawun, cewch, cant and caffant. Caffaf is ufed alfo for Caf; as, Ebol goffol'a guffaf. Iolo. Imperative Mood. « ‘The Singular-wants: the fecond Perfor. The third Perfon, Caed and caffed.
Pl. Cafom and eaffom, cafoch and caffoch, cant and caffant. Optative, Potential, and Subjunttive Moods. Preterimper fect Tenje,
Sing. Cawn, cait, cai. Pl. Caem, caech, caent; and Ceym, ceych, ceynt. And Caffwn, ceffit, caffai. PI. Caffem, caffech, caffent ; and Ce-
hyn, ceffych, ceffynt. f; fy Preterpluperfett Tenfe. Sing. Cawfwn, cawfit, cawfai. P}. Cawfem, cawfech, caw/fent. Future Tenfe, Sing. Caftwyf, cefych and ceych, cafo. PI. Cafom, cafoch, cafont- And affvy/, ceffych, caffe. Pl. Caffom, caffoch, caffent ; pee caam, &C~. Infinitive Mood.
Cael, cabel, caffael, ‘
the Weisn LANGUAGE. 43 Paffve Voice. . , Indicative Afood. Preterper. Tenfe. Cafwyd, caffiwyd: Caed, cad: Cafad, caffad. Future Tenfe. Cair, ceffr. | 3 Imperative Mood. Caer, and Caffer. Optative,’ Potential, artd Subjunftive Moods, Preterimperfect Tenfe. Caid, ceffid. Preterpluperfe& Tenfe.. Cazw/id, Future Tenfe. Caer or caffer, It hath no Participles,
OF the Vers Byw, to live, and Marw, to die. | -
Thefe Words are no where ufed as Verbs but in the Infinitive Mood; and become Adjectives; as, Gwr byw; gipr marw. .
Of the VerB Sefyl/, to ftand.
This Verb, with its Compounds, forms all its Teénfes of the fe- cond Perfon Singular of the- Imperative Saf, ftand thou. The third Perfon-of the Future is-Saif, he will ftand. ‘The reft are regular.
Of the Vers Dwyn, to bear, to carry, with its Com- pounds. — |
It forms all] its Tenfes of the third Perfon Singular of the Future Tenfe of the Indicative Mood, Dig, he will carry; which is alfo the fecond Perfon fing. of the Imperative, Dwg, carry thou. The Preterperfect of the Indicative, Digais, I have carry’d; Digai/?, thou haft carry’d ; Dygodd and Dug, he hath carry’d. But the frrit Perfon fing. is fometimes Dugum. ‘The other Tenfes are regular,
Of the Vers Adolwyn, to befeech. : It forms all its Tenfes from the Verb Jitelwg or Adelwg, to be-
Attelygais, attolygai/t, attolygodd, &c, Adolwyn yt, dal a natd, A rhwyg gwrr yr hue euraid. R.G. Er.
Tybygu, to think, from Ts, Opinion. This Verb is regular'y formed throughout ; except in the Pre- terpluperfect Tenfe, which, from the regular Tybygafton, tyhygafit, F 2 . tybyga-
i]
44 44 INTRODUCTION fo tybygafai, 8c. not much in Ufe, is,.by Contraction, formed ix
anner following ; - Sing. Zygafwn, tygafit, tygafai. Pl. Tygafem, tygafech, tygafent. tal in Con dion. ’ Defias, dygafit, dy afat. Pi Dirchimy dygafech, dygafent; and Dyge/ym, yo » dygefynt. a It is ea ufed without any Contraction ; as, i gaful, dybygefynt O efgyll guwyrdd Pl gwynt, D.G, And in other Tenfes, Ni thybygir, gwir gofiad, Mewn peth tég bod brég a brad. bid. Pawh a debig pan ddigiwyf, Pe bai ddyfg mai pibydd wyf. Ibid. Clybu is ufed for Clywodd, in the third Perfon fing. of the Preter- perfect Tenfe of the Indicative Mood. | Alfo Clybed, for Clywed, to hear, in the Infinitive. : - Gigle, and Giglef, are alfo found for C/ywodd, he hath heard.
Degle, hear thou, hark, is found only in the fecond Perfon fing. of the Imperative Mood, g. d. Dyghw.
Sing. Hwde, and Huwre, take thou. Pl. Huwdiveb, and bwri- ‘web, and bwrewch.
Mees, pi. Moefwch. Ic is ufed only in the fecond Perfon fing. and plur. of the Imperative Mood.
Ed, I fay. Eb, I fay, is ufed of all the Perfons of both Numbers, Prefent and Preterperfec? Tenfes. Sing. Eb fi, Eb di, Eb efe, I fay or faid, &c. Plur. Eb mi, Eb chwi, Eb hwynt, we fay or faid, &e. _ And Eby fi, eby di, eb y ni, eb ychwt. , ; And in N. W. Eb yr fi, eb yr di, eb yr th &c, Neither is it de- clined any further. Yet the Antients faid, | Ti hebof ni hebu oedd dau, Mi hebod ni bebaf finnau, Cynddelw. Dy wyneb ni heb a obebych, BI. F. Pan futtych o’th fyd fardd gydfod, Or idem ni hebwn hebod, f M.
Its Compounds Atteb and Gwrtheb, to anfwer, are regular. So Gobebu, Ni'th giyw neb yn gobebu. DG.
the Wetsy LANGUAGE. 45
Medd, faith he. © The third Perfon fing. is the Radix of this Verb, and it is con-
jugated thus. Indicative Mocd. Prefent Tenfe. — Sing. Adedd, faith he ; meddi, fayeft thous meddaf, fay I. Plur. Adeddwn, fay we; meddweh, fay ye; meddgnt, fay they. Preterimperfeét Tenfe. Aleddwn, meddit, medda. Pl. Medagm, meddgch, medcent: Or, Meddym, meddych, meddynt. it hath no more Tenfes.
Piau, and in Conftruction Brau. It is of the Prefent Tenfe of the Indicative Mood, and of all Perfons. | Sing. Mi, ti, efe. Se o1 Plur. Ni, chwi, hwynt-hwy § Piau. _ Preterimperfelt Tenfe. Sing. Afi, ti, oft, bei or Plur. Ni, chwi, bwynt-bwy § Pisedd. It is ufed likewife in the Future Tenfe, adding the Verb Sub- flantive to it; as, Sing. Ah, ti, efe, eto, or Plur, Ni, chwi, bwynt-hwy § Pieufydd. Dafydd bieufydd y bel. LG. So in the Preterimperfe&t Tenfe of the Optative, Sing. Mi, ti, efe, Pieufyddai, and Plur. Ni, chwi, hwy t Ried ddat It may be ufed likewife through all the Tenfes, after the fame Manner as a Verb Subftantive of the third Perfon, prefixing picu or dieu. And through all Perfons too; as, AZ piseddwn, or bio- tddwn ; ti bioeddit, &c,
Rhoddi, to give. _ This Verb fometimes by Contraétion fyncopates dd, and is Rhoi, for Rhcddi, to give; Rhéf, and Rhoaf, tor Rheddaf, I will give. Huyr y rhif o difi dir. D.G, Rhown, for Rhoddwn, I would give, let us give. Rhy, and prefixing the Prepofition Dy, dyr/, inftead of Riya, he will give. Rho, for Rhoddo, the third Perfon fing. of the Future Tentfe of the Optative Mood, p te
46 An INTRODUCTION fo A ro gami wraig o Tél, E ry DUW rat a@’i dial, L. Mon, Which is alfo Rhotho, with th, inftead of dd. Maer Rhuthyn ym ai rbotho. T. A. Gad yha, y gwr da gwych, — Or eithaf hyn a rothych. Imperative, Dyro, give thou, for Rho of South Wales.
Arkos, to ftay, to tarry, Ge.
Arhos is a regular Verb, but that, in forming, it may throw off as well as retains; as, Arhofats, arbofaiff, and Arhoats, arhoai/?, &c. I have, thou haft ftay’d, &c. <Arhofaf, and Arheaf, 1 will ftay. The third Perfon fing. of the Future Tenfe is Erys, as Ge- fyd; and by Apocope, Ery, —
A gwayw hir gwae a’i bery, O'1 ferdd gwyn et fid a ffy. Hywel Swrdwal.
The Imperative, Aras, and Ara, ftay thou.
Na fo, | ofare forwyn, D. G. || For cyfares, So Arhofwn, arhbown: Arhofit, arhoit, &c. I would ftay, Ge.
Dywedyd, to fay, to fpeak. Inftead of Dywededd, the regular third Perfon fing. of the Pre- terperfect Tenfe, Dyfod, and Dywad, and Dywawd ate fometiymes ufed ; as,
.
Deufwy na’r neb ai dyfod, Hywel Kilan, Mddyfed oll i Ddafydd. D.G.
Din wyf a a dan ei wad. Er nad @’r un ai dywad. H.K.
Chrift ffyddlon, ffynnon y ffawd, dw ddiwart bobl a ddywawd. R.G. Er.
In the third Perfon fing. of the Future Tenfe, and the /econd Pers fon of the Imperative, Dywaid is ufed fometimes inftead of Dywed,
Ac na ddywaid frenaid fin. D.G.
Pa ddeall, pwy a ddywaid, . | Beth o' i naws, mor boeth ei naid. William Llyn.
Dawr, or Tawr. This Verb is ufed Jmperfonally and Perfonally, Imperfonally, in the Prefent and Future Tenfes of the Indicative ; as,
-
the Wetsu LANGUAGE. 47
Prefent and { Sing. Ni’m dazor i, ni’th dawr di, ni ddawr ef. Fut. Tenfe. q Pl. Nin dawr ni, nich dawr chwi, ni ddawur hwynt.
Perfonally, in the Preterimperfeét Tenfe, Indicative Mood; as, Sing. Ni ddoriun, ddorit, ddorai. P\. Ddorem, ech, ent.
And compounded with Dy, Myn y ddeddf mi ni ddiddawr P’ le be’y cawell marlo mawr. M.R.
Na chidd dy ddeurudd diddorych o'th wis, Gwae y reb atcas a gaffeych, BI.F.
HORROR DEC EDI DDE DEI ICICI CHAP. XX,
ARTICLE. Not Bannog.
HE Articles (the firft of the undeclinable Parts of Speech} are two, Y and 277, the.
Y; 4, 1, 73, is placed before Confonants and w; as, Y gir, the Man; Ywraig, the Woman. And in the Southern Dialeét it is placed before 7; as, Y tatth, for Yr iaith. | oY, 3, 4, 48, is ufed before Words beginning with Vowels, whe- ther radical or in Conftruction; as, ¥r berth, the Sacrifice. Yr trddig wraig, the angry Woman.
But when the Particles, a, ma, 7, 0, precede in Conftruction, and the Word following begins with a Confonant, or w or7, then Tr is ufed, but the y is cut off by Apoftrophe, becaufe of the pre- ceding Vowel; as, MMi a’r gir; Gwell na’r wraig. Cérgs’r iaril, Tr brenin. Dyn o'r dréf. After other Words ending with a Vowel, with Words beginning with a Confonant following, we ufe pro- mifcuoufly, y or ‘r; but more compactly ’r, than y, Pwy yw'r gir, Pwy ywy gwr. The Antients inftead of y and yr writ ¢ and er.
cheoctootocfocfootoctoofootoorcofoofosafbofoctontootpotooppofookafoototooso
CHAP, 2X1
Of the ApversB. Rhagferf.
T HE following Parts of Speech, which the Latin Grammari- ans €all a Particle, are by us called Gorair. _ Adverbs are of feveral Sorts. | Of Place, Mannawil, or Iicawi ; as; Yma, here; and Yman, q. d. 7 many, é TT. mar
48 fin INTRODUCTION fo
Yman ddjn ?r man ydd wyf. D.G. Ac weithian yman ymy. bid.
Yna, there; Y¥no, in that Place; Accw, ix, there; which the
Pcets. write likewife Raccw. . Hwyl raccw’m mrwydr hil Riecert. Tolo. Llywelyn cedd hyn heddyw bon raccw, Hil Riccart ap Einion. L.G.
Draw, yonder, lo there; fry, above; obry, below; allan, ymaes, without ; 7 mewn, within; wuched, above; ifod, beneath; yngod, nigh, hard by. And d being apocopated, ucho, ifo, yngo. And Adverbs compounded of the Prepofitions i, and 0; i fynu, i wared, oddi yma, eddi yna, oddi accw, oddi fewn, cddi allan, oddi faes, odd- ifod, odduchod, oddidraw, &c. Ple, where, for pa /e, in what Place;
Piliwr adatl p’le’r ydwyd ? Planed wyllt pa le nid wyd? MLR, -
LT ble, for Iba le, o ble, for o ba k.
Of Time, Amfer’; as, Ynawr, yr awrben, y boreu, yn foreu, or rather y bore, yn fore, as written by the Antients, yn ebrwydd, yr hwyr, heddyw, yforu, yforucher, trennydd, gwrthdrennydd, tranceth, tradwy: Doe, echdoe, cyn echdoe: Beunydd, beunoeth, weithian, be~ Hach, eufys, bjth, etto, and the Antients faid etwa.
Cyn bod etwa, ewyllys da, dial cifiau. Br. F. Ni weled 0 gréd a bedydd, etwa, Ei gynna gyftedlydd. Dan. And Etwaeth, Och Douw na ddaw ef etwaeth, T eflwng treifwyr treifwriaeth, E).S,
Erioed, er moed, yleni, erllynedd, gynt: Pan, when; gna, then;
tra, whilft ; exfus, already.
Adverbs of Number (Rhag ferfau_nifer) are made out of Nouns of Number, by adding Gwa:th, a Turn or Courfe ; as, Unwaith, once ; dwywaith, twice ; teirgwarth, thrice. Canwatth, milwaith, &c.
Of Order, Trefn; as, Yn gyntaf, yn ail, yn drydydd, &e. Yn ddiwethaf, yn olaf, bellach, weithian, o'r diwedd.
. Of Atking, Gofin; as, Pam, for pa ham, why ; p’edd, for pa’ fodd; pwedd, for pa wédd; pa ddelw, pa fut, how, A, at, aie,
_ for ai, ie. Mae, tor pa ley mae. Onid, for ai nid, : Of
the WetsH LANGUAGE. 49
Of Calling, Gakv; as, O; how; hai, bn, degles qc d. Dyglyw, hear thou, hark. Debre, come hither.
Of Denying, Gwdad; as, Na, nad, na’s, for ma ys, nac, nag e, m, mi's, for ni ys, md, na ddo, na ddo ddim, nag ¢ ddim.
Of Affirming, Atteb, neu Taeru; as, Fe, do, diau, dicer, ie, felly; pam. nad ef, yn ballawl, yn ddiammau, yn ddilys, er and er do. And before Verbs, 4, y, yr, ydd, yd in the Ancients; vs. Alfo dy and a’ ia Compofition do affirm, daccw, dyna, dymma, dyfry, dobry, which are Adverbs of Shewing. 7 _ Alfo Mexr, and meud, in the Ancients, were Adverbs of Affirm- m5 as,
? E fu amfer neur derw. D.G.
Of Swearing, Tyngu; as, Myn, ym, i.
Of Exhorting,: Annog; as, [ddo, atte, arno, arnynt, &c. which yi Prepofitions with the affix’d Pronouns. Adolwyn, adolwig, pry- thee.
Of Choofing, Dewis; as, Echre, yn hytrach, yn gynt, guvell.
Of Forbidding, Gwahardd; as, Na.
Of Gathering together, Cynnhull; as, i gyd, achldaa, or ychlan, yrghyd, ar unwaith.
Of Warning, Rhybiddio; as, Dyd, dyd-dyt. Lat. Atat.
Of Withing, Dymunaw; as, O na, o nad, o nadd, o na’s.
Of Parting, Gwahank, as; Ar wahan, o’r neilliu.
Of a Thing not finithed, Peth anorphen ; as, Agos, ymron, braidd, prin, bayach or haeach, haechen for hacachen, fwrn, fyrn, taran, Chwyn a chwyn, or rather, chwyf na chwyf, movet non movet. Dav.
Of Diverfity, 4 acth; as, Yx amgen, yn amgenach.
Of Vehemency, Rhy; Jawn after an Adjective, Da iawn, very good: Drwg tawn, very bad.
Of Shewing, Dangos; as, Sylit, wele, nycha; fel hyn, and con- tractedly fellyn, lyma, llyna. Alfo fuch as are compounded with 4, dymma, dyna, dacew, dyfry, dobry. And with Vel for Vele, wel- tuna, weldaccw, wel dyna, weldifa.
Wel dyna weled anawdd. D.G. Des ¢ Douw wel a’sfo dijdd. Thid.
Adverbs of Quality, Axfawdd, cynneddf, are made of Adjectives and Participles, by putting the Prepofition Y% before them; as, Y oe well; yn ddoeth, wifely; yn fwyn, kindly ; yn ddy/vedig, learn- edly; &c. :
{n the fame Manner are many other Adverlis made; 1% fwy, More ; ya lai, lefs; yn hwyr, ae yn foreu, early ; yn unig, on- lv; 32 amgen, otherwife ; yn gynt, fooner; &c.
Adje€tives and Participles are alfo ufed adverbially, without the Prepofition Tir prefix’d, efpecially in the Beginning of a Sentence ;
as,
59 An INTRODUCTION f
as, Da y gwnaeth bob peth. Boreu y a7 Hwyr y dilynafach: Hir y trygafoch. Ond da y gwneuthum? Ai drivg y darlenais? Dyf- gedig yr attebodd, &c. Of Quantity, Dognedd; as, Llawer, ychydig, bychydig, gormodd, peth, ychlin, 1 gyd, yn fawr, yn fychan, o'r etthaf. Of Comparifon, Cyffadiu; as, Cyn, mor, ac, a, yn, gymmaint, yn fy, yn Hat. Cyn ddewred, &c. Of Likenefs, Cyffelybu; as, Felly, fal, megis, meis, mal, yn un~ wedd, yn yr unmodd, yn unfut. Of Explaining, Eg/uro; as, Sef, for ys $ malpai, nid amgen. The Interjections, which we call Zaflodiaid, are ranked among the Adverbs ; ha, bys, ho, he, hat, hwi, 0, och, ochan, w, wh, whan, whiwvb, waw, wew, fw, ffi, fwrdd, whw, wi, haihow, haiwhw, ha- ha, hobo, bow, fiow, beng, gwae, wit, bw, uft, vio, wichwach, buy ys hu, huw. | ; Heno ni chyfgaf unhun Be canai Douw huw ei hun. DG.
HORROR HORII III
CHAP. XXII.
Of the Con JUNCTION. Cyfylltiad.
F Conjunétions fome be Copulatives; as, 4, ac, na, nac, hefyd. | : isjunctives ; as, Ai, neu.
Difcretives ; as, Er, antiently written ¥r 5 ctto, etwa, eithr, ond, onid; fal, mal, megis, meis.
Caufals; Can, gan, gan hyn, gan hynny, canys, can’s, herwydd, o herwtydd, am, am hyn, am hynny, oblegid, obleid, 0 aches, o ethryb.
Conditionals; as, O, if; and the Adverb of Affirming Ys being added, o’s. And d being added, od; and in fome places they add r, or, if. Eithr, onid, ond, if not, unlefs, Pe, if.
Adverfatives; as, Er, or yr; cyd bo; eifoes. |
Exceptives ; as, Oni, i.e. o’s mi, if not. Onid, i.e. o nid, or e’s nid, if not. Namyn, oddteithr, hagen.
Ele&tives ; as, Na, nag, no, nog.
Interrogatives ; as, 4, ai, oni, onid. |
Redditives ; as, Etto, er hynny, eifoes. Mai, that ; and in Soxth- Wales, Taw, that. .
Chwaith is likewife a Conjun@ion, Na minnau na chwithan chwaith, |
So Chwaethach, or rather chwaithach, which founds as a Compa- rative from chwaith, and fignifies, much lefs, fo much the lefs, Nid edrych arnat chwaethach dy garu. Ni rjdd geiniog chwaethach punt. CHAP.
the Wersu Lancuace. SI
Roofoctjoctooyocootootookoogootoatooyo
CHAP. XXL. Of the PrEposirion. Arddodiad.
PREPOSITION is fet before other Parts, either in Appofition, A as, Am arian, for Money; or elfe in Compofition, as, Am- gyichu, to furround. |
The Prepofitions ufed in Appofition are thefe; 4, ag, can, gan, with. Am, for. Ar, upon. At, to. Yn, mewn, in. Er, for, notwithftanding ; as, Er myn, er maint. I,to. Wrth, by, nigh. Heb, without. Heblaw, befide. Myn, by, (in Swearing). Tan, under. Tros, and in Conftrudtion, dros, for, over. Trwy, through. - Er, erys, es, fignifying Time, from, fince, ever fince. Er dlwy- ddyn i ddoe. Er yn blentyn. Er ys blwyddyn.
Er mis nid o eifiau macth. B. Br.
Liw’r dyn erys llawer djdd. D,G,
Er ys mis eres y myw. Ibid.
A roes i'm aur erys mis. L.G. Aros, for, before.
Gormodd yw gwerth bin ie gain,
Aros agos i ugain. D. G.
Cyn, before; gwedi, after, and wedi. Cylch, about; amgylch, round about. ibio, by. Herwydd, by, becaufe of, according to, HHwati, over, beyond. Hyd, as far as, until, unto; and its Compounds, Hyd yn Rhufain. Hyd ar derfyn dwywlad.
Drachy behinds .Drach ynghefn, drjch anghyfnerth. D.G.
Erbyn, and yn erbyn, againft. Gyferbyn, gyfarwyneb, over-againt, Erbyn, erfydd, and gerfydd, by. Erbyn ci law; erfydd, or gerfudd “i droed. Gyda, gydag, with.
Ger, and fometimes with its primary or radical Letter cer, near to, by: It is ufed for the moft part with érox, or Maw ; ger bron, before or in Prefence ; ger law, nigh, by.
Uch, above; to which is added Jlaw, and pen, uweh law, uch- hen, Is, under; to which is added law, is law. Goruwch, above, over. Goris, under, beneath. :
O fewn, within. Oddi fewn, on the infide, within. Oddi allan, on the outfide, without. Oddiar, over, above, from off. Od./i- wrth, from, from off. Oblegid, o ethryb, o herwydd, becauie ot. O flaen, before. O gylch, wie O’r tu él, behind, befide, O'r
Ww 2 t1
52 An INTRODUCTION £0
tu yma, on this Side. O’r tu draw, on the other Side. O’r tu mewn, onthe Infide O’r tu allan, on the Outfide. O’r tu bwanr, on, or from, the other Side. O’r parth yma, on this Side.
Parth a, parth ag at, towards.
Rhbag, from, for, before. Yingadw rhag torri’r Sabboth. Rhag ofn. ‘To which bron is fometimes added. Rhagbron, before or in Prefence. an
Ac y manac, feren $+ 0° rhac, ya rhoi goleu. Br. F. + For oi blaen.
Rhwng, ym-miblith, ym-myfg, between or betwixt, among or a- mongft. Tua, and in Conftruction Dua, towards.
Duar nen a droi’n union. RC.
Tu ag at, towards. Tu ag at am, as to, as touching, as con- cerning. 7 3 |
Some of thefe are ufed alfo in Compofition ; as, Trwy, try, try- wanu, to pierce through. Tryfrith, trylew, &c.
Some become Adverbs ; as, Cynt, gwedi. Trwy, y being turned into odd, trwedd. So Tan, adding edd, tanodd; and ar, with x put in the Middle, arnedd. Hence eddi arnodd, odditanodd, eddi trwodd. | |
RIDDICK IED LID IDI I DDI CHAP. XXIV.
Of the PreposiTians ufed in Compofition.
A Enhanceth the Senfe, Athrif?, achrim, achar. 9 Ad, generally implies a repeated Action, as the Lat. re; as Adnewyddu, to renew; adfeinio, to refound: And it is in fomeé Words Add, Addnaid, Refuge. Addfwyn, addfain, addfed.
Am, fignifies, on every Side, as the Gr. "Aug, Amgoch, amgylch, amnoeth, amddyfrwys. ss , tei 72
An, fignifies Privation or not, anwybod, anllywodraeth, anghyffon, amherffaith, — ° — | ra |
In fome Words it does not imply Privation; as, Aurhbydedd, from Rhy, too much. Anrhbyfedd, wonderful. =s
But thefe perhaps are from Yn, and enlarge the Signification.
Ar, arbennig, ardderchog, fef yr bwn a dderchafwyd ar eraill. Ar- dymberu, ardderchafael. = -~ 7
Cyd, is of the fame Force as the Lat. Con; as, Cyd-fefyll. It is fometimes made Cy/, cyftadd, cyfrededd, cyfraid. And fometimes before Vowels, Cyfuwceh, cyfun. a
Cyn, from Cynt, before, or from Cyntaf, firft; as, Cynt-haid, cyntaid, cyndyn. | '
the WELSH LANGUAGE. 53
Dam, from Dy and am; Damgylchynu, damlewychu.
Dar; as Daroftwng, darfod, dargwfe, darllen, darmerth.
Dad, from Dy and ad, undoes what has been already done, ag the Exglifh Un; as, Datglot, to unlock; dattod, to undo; dadwine, dattrot, |
Di, denotes Privation or not; as, Dibechod, diniweid, dilwyr.
Dy, enlarges the Signification, and makes the Word it is com-~ pounded with a Frequentative: as, Dygyfor, dycymmod, dyfrys.
[th lys ar ddyfrys ydd af. Iolo.
And it is for the moft part pronounced, Di, dinocthi, dilyn.
To which fometimes s is added, being inferted in the Middle, from the Adverb of Affirming ¥5, difpoeri, diflewi, difmocli, dif- trewi, diflaw, difpwyll.
Whence fometimes dos, for dys, dofparthu, dofeletdio.
oa y is thrown away before Vowels ; as, dethol, from dy and ethol, | ? | a
Dune, for Dyuno, whence the Compound, Cyttuno, for Cyttyuns, as it ufed to be written formerly. Dymchwelyd. Daeth, from dy and aeth, |
Thus it is added to Adverbs, dymma, dyna, dacew, dobry, difa, ducha, Of which we have treated already.
In fome Words d is changed into ¢; as, Tywyll, from dy and gwyll. Tyred, for dyred. Tywallt, for dywallaw. | ;
Dull cedd iw dywall iddo. LL.D.
Moreover, this Prepofition turns Verbs that are Neuters into Adtives, fuch as are no Tranfitives into Tranfitives; as, Adethu, to fail, to perifh; difetha, to deftroy. Gilynu, to fick; dylyn, to follow, to cleave to.
Dir, vehemently ; dirdynau, dirweft, dirmyg.
Go, fomewhat; Goeddrwg, golofey, gofiodt.
When it comes before a, together with the @ it is made gwa; as, Gwarchae, for goarchae; gwarchadw, for goarchadw.
Ger, fomewhat; Gorfefyll, gorllechu, gorllyfuu, gorthywys.
But Gor, moft frequently, is over; as, Gorfod, to overcome. Gorthrechu, gorflin, gormodd, gorwag, gorfoledd, gorefeyn.
Gurth, againitt; Gwrth-ddywedyd, gwrthwyneb.
Hy, puts on the Nature of a Prepofition, and is of the fame Force as the Gr. iv; as, Hyffordd, hylaw, hynod, hyfiyd, bygoel, hyglud, byglyw, hylyn.
Lied, half; Lledfyw, lledfarw, lled-feddw.
Rhy, rhybucho, to with frequently or greatly. When it is pre- fix’d to Verbs, it gives them a frequentative Signification: With- out Compofition it is an Adverb fignifying, too much, cxceflively. ‘Tra, very; Traderchafu, traglew, trablin.
—~ | Ym:
54 An INTRODUCTION £0
Ym: When a Verb is compounded with this Prepofition, it ge- merally denotes a reciprocal Action; as, Ymguddio, to hide him-~ felf ; ymgynnal, to fuftain himfelf. It fometimes fignifies a mutual Action; as, as Sat to embrace one another. Ymgaru, ym- wneuthur. And fometimes it gives the Verb a frequentative Signi- fication; as, Ymaros, ymofyn, ymdynnu. =<;
Ys, y/mala, yfbys, yftyr. |
It is in fome Words ¢s, ef/mwyth ; and fy, fymmudo, for 3/muda.
ES't-4t-t:4-t-t-4:2-¢:-4:9:' O'S t8 tS: 8 4S: 4: 8-4-8. 4 CHAP. XXV. |
The Syntax. Cyfrawen. Of the Confruétion of SuBsTANTIVES.
UssTANTIVES come together in Conftruction in two Ways : w) Firf, as belonging to one Thing. Secondly, 2s belonging to divers.
Firfi, as belonging to one Thing. we)
If two Subftantives, the one a Proper, and the other 2 Common, come together, and the Common be placed firft, then Y or Yr is put before it; and ifthey be Mafculines, they make no Change of their Initials; as, Yérenin Dafydd a ddywedodd. But if they be ‘Feminines, both change their Initials into their Soft ; as, Y forswvyn Fair. : .
But if the Proper be placed firlt, and the Common laft, it changes its Initia] fometimes into its Soft, tho’ rt be Mafculine; as, Dafydd frenin. Llés fab Goel. Hywel Bobydd. 7 |
The Latter of two Subftantives common hath fametimes the Prepofition o prefix’d to it; as, Gwr o faer a’i gwnaeth. Benyw o cichyddes a garodd.
And in the Northern Dialect gan; as, Y fant gan Bedr. Y mil- wr gan Arthur. Y Wleidr gan Barabbas.
Secondly, When two Subftantives come together belonging to di- vers Things, the latter being as it were poflcfled by the former, then the latter Subftantive will retain its primary or radical Initial ; as, Ty tad Dafydd. Mam Gwenlliant; and foretimes it changes it into its Soft; as, 7 dy Douw 077i dy ae
If the latter Subftantive be the Proper Name of a Country, Town, or Place, and the former Subftantive be of the Plural Number ; then the latter is immediately fubjoined with its radical Initial; as, Gwyr Livegr. Gwragedd Liundain. But if the former Subftantive be of the Singular Number, then the latter changeth its radical Ini-
tial
the Wersu LANGUAGE. it;
itial into its Soft; and hath o put before it; as, Gir oLoegr. Gw- raig o Lundatn,
Both Subitantives being Common, and not pertaining either to Manufacture or Material whereof a Thing is done, or to be done; the latter Is immediately fubjoined to the former without any Change of its Initial; as, Cariad mam; haelioni tdd; gweinidog Dw ; pen bryn.
But if the former Subftantive be an artificial Piece, and the latter the material, then is the latter either immediately fubjoined, with- out any Change of its radical Initial, if the former be Mafculine ; as, Ty coed Mor prés; or with a Change of its radical Initial into its Soft, if the former Subftantive be F eminine; as, V/gubor goed, Sarph brés. Canwyll giyr. Ffiamddén, Or are otherwife made with o between; as, Ty o goed. Sarph o bré's. Canwyll o giyr. Pfiam o dan. Or Adjeétively, thus; Ty ecedawl. Yfgubor fetnin.
If the former Subftantive be the Artift, and the latter the Mate- rial, or the Piece wrought or to be wrought, the latter is immedi- ately fubjoined with its radical Initial ; without any Regard to the Gender of the former ; as, Sawer coed. Gof pedolau. Gwntedyddes — cryfau, 4
tn fome Refpects the latter Subftantive hath 7 between it and th former; as, Gwrii Dduw. Tadd i'r ymddifaid. Amfer i alaru. And fometimes Rhag ; as, Ofn rhag yr haint a fyrthiafai arno.
Laftl;, It is to be noted, That the Subftantive poffefled is ever placed after the Poffeffor, when put in Appofition with it. But if the Subftantive poffeffed be compounded with the Pofleflor, it is then placed foremoft in the Compofition, and the radical Initial of the Poffeffor is ever turn’d to its Soft; as, Cad-farch, a Wat-horfe, ot Horfe of War. Adardy, a Bird-houfe. !
tt: 6-4 t:4- 4-4-4 4-4-8 Ot 83:48 64-48. ¢. 4 CHAP, XXVI.- The Conftruétion of SUBST ANTIVES and Ap JECTIVES.
H E Subftantive:and Adjective agree generally in Gender, and fometimes too in Number; but an Adjective fingular is very often joined to a Subftantive plural. Ce ‘
The Place of the Adjective in Conftruction is generally after its Subftantive ; as, Gur da; dyn gwych; gwraig lan; merch ten, When an Adje@tive comes after a Subftantive fingular of the Maf- culine Gender, it retains its radical Initial; as, Ty teg, pur da;
din doeth, . ‘ ut
56 fin INTRODUCTION £0
But when the Adjective hath obtain’d the Ufe of a Sirname, and is fubjoin’d to a Proper-name, the Adjective aflumes its Soft, tho” its Subftantive be of the Mafculine Gender; as, Hywel Dda; Da- fydd Gam; Idwal Foel; lorwerth Drwyn-dwn. And fo alfo do o- ther Adjectives; as, Dafydd dduwiol; Haman ddichellgar ; Lazarus dlawd. So alfo, Digon, gormodd, holl, llawer, peth, bagad, rhat, when joined to Mafculine Subftantives common; as, Bwyd ddigon 5 dwfr ormodd; y dynion ll; da lawer ; enllyn beth; gwyr fagad; de-
aid rai. be. os |
_ The Adjedtive, after a Subftantive fingular of the Feminine Gen- der, changeth its radical Initial into its Soft; as, Gwraig dda; merch ddoeth; dyn lan, | oe
But when the Adjectives are placed before their Subftantives (as they are fometimes) with a Pronoun pofleflive between, the Adjec- tiye may be the Mafculine, though the Subftantive be Feminine ; as, Gwyn et llaw. Glan yw dy ferch. |
Some Adjectives, being ufed Subftantively, are alfo placed be- fore their Sub{tantives, with the Prepofition o between; as, Llawer ofeirch,; Hyn o Orchwyl; mwy o gyfoeth ; rhagor o enllyn; ’chwaneg o ddiod ; digon o fwyd; llai o byfgod; bychamwo faint, &c.
When a fingular or plural Adjeétive is fet before its Subftantive, it makes the radical Initial of its Subftantive foft; as, Duwial bende-
fig. Tilyfion wragedd. Glan ferched. |, |
All Subftantives plural, of what Gender foever they be, will have Adjectives after them beginning with their radical Initials, and moft frequently of the fingular Number; as, Piccellau tanllyd. Arglu- yddt caled. Gwiyr traws. Guwragedd duwiol. Dynion da. |
_ But the Adjeétive is fometimes of the plural Number ; as, Dy- nion docthion. Merched guynion. Guwayr haelion. | Dynion cyndynion dinerth, Tynion erchyllion a cherth. _ Adje&tives of the Comparative and Superlative Degrees, are moft commonly fet before their Subftantives; and make no'Change of the radical Initial of the Subftantive, whether it be Mafculine or Femi- nine; as, Mwynach gwrs glanach gwraig. Goreu gwr; tecca’ gwraig.
Pob alfo is ever placed before its Subftantive, and makes no Change ‘of the Initial; as, Pod djx; pob gwraig. And fo is Rhyw ever placed before its Subftantive, but always makes the radical Ini- tial of its Subitantive foft; as Rhyw ddjn; rhyw fachgen: Which Naiil alfo doth. .
Numerals are placed before their Subftantives; and make no Change of their Initials; as, Un gwr, tri gtr, ugain gir. Tair gwraig, pedair gwraig, ugain gwraig:
Except Dau, dwy, which make the Subftantive following change its radical Initial into its Soft; as, Dau fab; dwy ferch. So un be- fore a Feminine Subftantive; as, Un wraig; un ferch, Tri rate
hwe
the Wersu LANGUAGE. 57
Chwe change the Initials of the Subftantives following them inte the Afpirate ; as, Tri char; chwe chér. But in the Feminine Gen- der, Yair cares.
When Subftantives beginning with B, G, D, are compounded with Pump, faith, wyth, naw, dég, pymtheg, ugain, dekgain, &c. Cant ; then the Subftantives make the following Changes of their Initials, wz. 4 into m, d into n, and g thrown away; as, Pumnyn, feith-wr, wythmuwch.
Ordinals of the Feminine Gendér change the Initials of their Sub- ftantives into their Soft; as, Y drydedd law; yr ail gluft; y bedwa- redd, bummed, feithfed, &c. wraig.
SER AA ROOK ORK ROE OOK CHE
CHAP. XXVII. The Confruction of PRoNnovwuNs.
M I, ti, ni, after the Prepofition 7, do fometimes throw away their own 1, and are written im’, if’, in’, inftead of i mi, ¢ ti, ini. And poetically ym’, yt’, yn’.
Chwi likewife, after the fame Prepofition :, throws away its own t; and ch and w being tranfpofed, it is written iweb for 2 chwi;— inftead of which we often find in the Poets, wweb’, and yweh’.
The Pronoun Relative is often underftood in the Britifh; as, Clycwvais taith ni ddyallwn, I heard a Language (that) I underftood not. P/. Ixxxi. 5. l’r_ farn a orchymynnaift, to the Judgment (that) thou haft commanded. Pf. vii. 6. Efe a’i dyfg ef yn y ffordd a dde- wif, him fhall he teach in the way (that) he fhal! choofe. P/- xxv. 12. Et fe milliés, faith Dr. Davies.
The Pronouns Poffefives, Mau, mine, and Tau, thine, are ever placed after their Subftantives; Yj or Yr, being alfo put before the Subftantives ; as, tad mau; y fam fau: Y gwr tau, y wraig dau: So changing the Initials of mau and tau, to their Softs, if their Subftantives be Feminines. dau and tau, when they have no Subftantive exprefled, have the Article Y fet before them; as, 1 mau, y tau, Mafculine. Y fau, y dau, Feminine.
All the other Poffeffive Pronouns (except Eiddo) are placed be- fore their expreffed Subftantives; the radical initial Letter of their Subftantives being changed, after Fy, into their Liquids; as, /y na; fy mara, &c. after Dy, thine, and £7, his, into their Softs ; as, Dy blant, dy dda, dy fara; Ei blant, &c. after Ei, her, into their Afpirates ; as, Ei phen; ei thad; ei char. Ein, our; etch, your ; and ex, their, make no Change of the Initials of their Subftantives ; as, Ein tad; eich Duw; eu car. .
Thefe
c8 An INTRODUCTION £9
Thefe Pronouns are contraéted thus ; ’m, from mi and mau; ’thy from ¢ and tau; °1, from ef; ’n, from ein; °ch, for etch; ’u, for eu; and are compounded with 4, and; 4, with; ma, neither or nor; i, to; 0, out of. |
Ei, his or her, and Eu, their, after z, to, are changed into wy; as, ?w dad, i’w thdd, to his Father, to her Father; ?w tad, to their Father. Inftead of which they fay in South-Wales, idd ei did; Mafc. Gend. idd ei thid; Fem. Gend. idd eu tad, plur.
There are thirteen afix’d Pronouns ufed in Compofition with Prepofitions, vz. Af, yf, of, from fi, 1; At, yt, of, from ti, thou; Om, ym, from ni, we ; Och, ych, from chwi, you; Ynt, from hwynt, they ; O or aw, from efo, he, that; 7, from 47, fhe, her.
‘They are compounded with Prepofitions thus :
Ar, upon; Arnaf, arnat, arno or arnaw, arnt; Arnom, arnoch, ernynt, upon me, thee, him, her; us, you, them. )
At, to; Attaf, attat, atte, &c. to me, thee, him, &e.
Am, hath dan put between it and the affixed Prepofition; as, Amdanaf, amdanat, amdano or amdanaw, amdani and amdeni. Plur. Amdanom, amdanoch, amdanynt.
Can or Gan, with; as, Cennyf, cennyt ; cennym, cennych, Gennyf, gennyt ; gennym, gennych; changing a of Can and Gan into e; and Cantho, canthi, canthynt ; or Ganddo, ganddt, ganddynt, retaining a.
Er, for the Sake of; as, Erof, erot, erddo, erddi; erom, erach, erddynt,
Heb, without; Hebsf, hebot, hebom, beboch, and hebddo, hebddi, hebddynt.
Hyd, (with Ar, in Appofition) all over; as, Ar hydof, ar hydot, ar hyd-ddo, ar hyd-ddi: Ar bydom, ar hydoch, ar hyd-ddynt, all over me, thee, Ge. |
I, to; as, Im’, it’, in’, (or poetically, Ym’, yt’, yn’) to me, thee, us. Iddo, tddi, iddynt, to him, her, them.
Rhag, from, or forward ; as Rhagof, rhaget, rhagddo, rhagddi ; Rhagom, rhagoch, rhagddynt, from me, thee, Se. Af rhagof, dos rhagot, I will go forward, go thou forward.
Rhwng, between; as, Rhyngof, rhyngot, rhyngddo, rhyngddt, or rhyngthe, rbyngtht: Rhyngom, ERA rhyngddynt of rhyngthynt ; between me, thee, him, &e.
Tan, under; as, Tanaf, tanat, tano, tani; Tanom, tanoch, tanynt, under me, thee, him, @&c.
Tros, for, or over; as, Trofof, trofot, trofto, trofti; Trofom, tro- foch, troftynt, for, or over me, thee, him, ec.
Trwy, through; as, Trwof, trwot, trwyddo, trwyddi; Trwemy, trivoch, trwyddynt, through me, thee, him, her, Ge.
Wrth, by, or to; as, Wrthyf, wrthyt, wrtho, wrtht; Trthymy wrthych, wrthynt; by, or to me, thee, hum, her, Ge.
Yin,
the WELSH LANGUAGE. 59
Yn, in, or within; as, Yuof, ynot, yntho or ynthaw or ynddo, yn- tht or ynddi; Ynom, ynoch, ynthynt or ynddynt; in, or within me, thee, him, her; us, you, them.
The Poets ufe alfo Ynto or yndo, ynti or yndi.
Cabla dy fro dda i'm gwydd i, Ath randir, a thro yndi. LL. G,
Setntwar o thorres ynti,
Ni thyrr djn ddim ¢ th air di. O.L\. M. The Poets ufe likewife, Rhéf, rhim, rhed, rhich, for Rhyngof, rbyngom, rhyngot, rhyngoch,
Dyro, mwy 7th bryderir, Rhéd a’r cadarn hyarn bir. G. J.H.
Rhowch groes rhich a gwyr ifed. L. Mon,
Cymmer refwm, trwm bod rbich, A dod refwm da drofoch, T. A,
Ond na ddylit ddilen Y rhwym fyjth y rhim a fue. D.G.
The Pronoun Poffeffive Eiddo, is likewife compounded with the affixed Pronouns; as, Eiddof, eiddot, eiddo or eiddaw, eiddi; Ei- ddem, eiddach, eiddynt.
But befides the afore-mention’d Prepofitive Compofitions, Perfo- nal Pronouns are alfo fubjunctively compounded with the Particle fu; placing a double mm between Mi and Ni, and 4u; and th be- tween Ti, chwt, hi, hwy, and au; as, Minnau, ninnau ; tithau, chuithau, bithau, hwythau: Hwynt, makes hwyntau; and Yntan, is an Anomal.
Perfonal Pronouns have alfo Hin, or hunan ({elf or alone) fub- joined in Appofition with their Singulars: And Hin, or hunain, {felves, or alone) with their Plurals. See Hin, or Alunain in the Digionary.
Oecfookosfostoctoo$octoctootooyontoc%o i ofoofoohocyjo co poate oko oho hooyo choke
CHAP. XXVUL The Confiruction of VERBS.
HE Affirmative Adverb a is generally put after Nominative Cafes, before the Perfons of Verbs, if the Verbs intend Af- firmation; as, i a garaf, tia geri, efea gir. Nia garwn, chivj @ gerweh, hwy a garant. H 2 But
60 ‘An INTRODUCTION £0
But in South-Wales y is often ufed inftead of a; as, Mi y garaf, ti y geri, chwi y gerweh, &c. And the radical Letter of the Verb is then turned to its Soft.
But if any Part of the Sentence be placed before the Nominative - Cafe, the Verb then is fet before its Nominative, referving its ra- dical Initial, and having the Adverb of Affirming Y prefix’d to it, if it begin with a Confonant, yr, or ydd in South-/Vales, if it begin with a Vowel; as, J ni y gwnaeth Duw ’r byd. I mi yr addawodd. But when the Accufative Eafe is placed before the Verb, the y or yr is fometimes changed into a; as, Cyflafan a wnaeth efe.
A is never fet before a Verb Subftantive, but always y; as, 27 mae Duw yn y nef. Duw y fydd dda.
Yet Lewis Glyn Cothi faid, Emrys yn y maes a wyf.
Inftead of y the Antients ufed yd; t
Hir yd goffeir a goffaaf. D. B. for y coffeir. Na’r tribael haclach yd gaffad. D. B. for y caffad,
But y is moft commonly omitted before the Verb Subftantive ¢ ... as, @ Mae’r goron ym mrig eryr.
Mae’m mrjd y corph mau ’mrawd cu. Duw fy dda, dwys et ddial. Duw /ydd a dewts iddaw.
If the Verb begin the Sentence, and its Nominative Cafe come after it; then doth the Verb either immediately lead ; as, Gwaaeth y milwr ay ba Or it hath the Particle £ put before it; as, £ wnaeth y milwr gyflafan.
The Nominative Cafes of Verbs, whether placed before or after their Verbs, referve their radical Initials; as, Dafydd a ddywedodd wrth loab; or, Dywededd Dafydd wrth Ioab. Duw a wnaeth y byd; or, Gwnaeth Duw y bjd. However, the Nominative Cafe of Bu, (was) doth fometimes affume the foft Form; as, Bu fraw yn y gwerfyll. 1 Sam. xiv. 15. And fo do Nominative Cafes, placed af- ter the third Perfon Singular of Verbs ending in ai; whatever Moods or Tenfes the Verbs be of ; as, Y gallai ddjn, that a man could. Pe sere ee ddjn wrthyf, if a Man had told me. Onid ar- bedai Douw, if Gop would not fpare. Pettai, or Pe bai ddju yn gallu, if a Man could.
If the Nominative Cafes of Verbs Paffives, which are ever placed after their Verbs, immediately follow their Verbs, they referve their radical Initials ; as, Ofner Duw. Dy/gir daioni i ddynion. But if fome other Word or Words come between the Paflive Verb and its Nominative, then doth the radical Letter of the Nominative turn to its Soft; as, Dy/gir i ddynion ddaioni. |
A Noun Colleétive fingular may have a Verb plural as well as
afingular; as, Y bob] a Jyinmud ; fen ! So
the WeitsH LANGUAGE, 6r
So when two Proper Names come before a Verb, the Verb may be indifferently fingular or plural ; as,
Pedr ac loan ; aetb ir deml.
aethant §,
Accufative Cafes coming after Verbs (whether immediately or at 2 Diftance) whatever Perfon the Verb is of, do change their Radi- cals into their Soft; as, Duw a@ wnaeth ddjn. Parodd gywilydd i mt. Y mtkwyr a wnaethant ddifrod. Dengys Duw drugaredd. Por- tha bugail da braidd yr ARGLWYDD.
But if the Accufative Cafe begin the Sentence, it retains its ra- dical Letter; as, Cyflafan a wnaeth y milwr.
When two Accufative Cafes, in Appofition, come after a Verb, the latter is connected to the former by the Particle Ym; as, Cefais gofp yn wobr am fy mboen.
The Infinitive Mood makes no Change in the radical Letter of the Word govern’d of it; fo the Word govern’d immediately fol- low the Ingnitive Mood ; as, Na chynnyg wneuthur cam 4 neb. But if fome other Word or Words come between the Infinitive Mood
~and the Word governed, then the radical Initial of the Word go- verned is turned to its Soft; as, a chynnyg wneuthur & neb gam.
Nouns come after Verbs of Filling, with the Prepofition 0; as, Llenwi yfeubor o sd. As alfo with ag and da; as, Lienwi Uefir a gwin. Llenwi pwrs ag arian.
Verbs of Abounding have 0; as, Amlhauo dda. Liiofogodd o gy- foeth. Cyfoethogedd o ras.
Of Agreeing have d; as, Cyttuna a’th elyn. And Verbs that are of a contrary Signification ; Ymladd a dau.
Of Accufing, have 0; as, Pwy a’m argyhoedda i 0 bechod ? Cyhu- Ado dyn o ladrad.
Of Arraying, have a or am; as, Gwi/g dy hin & phais. Guwifg bats am danat.
Of Afking and Intreating, have 7 or gan; as, Arch iddo; gofyn iddo; erchais ganddo; gofynnais ganddo.
Of Buying, have gau; as, Prynais Hala gan Ivan,
Of Calling upon, have ar; as, Galw ar Ioan. Llefain ar Hywel.
weiddt ar Ithel. Cyfarth ar y leuad.
Of Communicating, have 4; as, Cyfranna @’r tlawd.
Of Defending or Scliveting: have rhag, or oddiwrth; as, Cadw mt rhag niweid. Gwared ni oddiwrth bla.
Of Hearkening to, have ar; as Gwrandawodd yr ARGLWYDD ar ei Weddi.
Of Loading, have 4 or ag; Liwythe ag aur, ag arian, a thryfor.
Of Meriting, have ar; Haeddu ar ddjn.
Of Receiving, have gan; as, Cefais hyn gan Lywarch. Cymmer gan loan.
Of Withdrawing, have o or addi; 2s, Aeth oi whid, Dds oddi- yma. Cilia oddi-wrthyf, Verbs
62 4n INTRODUCTION fo
Verbs fignifying Practice or Ufe, have 0; as, Yimarfer o firryr:.c) ibawh. <Arfer o fynwyr.
Verbs fignifying a Paffion of the Mind, have wrth; as, Di rzo~ wrth y lange. Tofturia wrth y tlawd. Trugarhau, creulomi, (>: 77277.:, chwyddo, afirwiegis forri, wrth et gydymmaith,
The Inftrument wherewith a Thing is done, is induced with 2, between it and the Verb; as, Taro a chleddyf, a ffon. Brathu 4 cholyn, Liddd a chyllell.
Nouns of Price follow the Verb with Er; as, Gwerthu er put ; Prynu er arian. And fometimes with 4m; as, Prynars am chweugein.
Verbs Paffives have gan, with the cafual Word of the Perfon aét- ing, after them; as, Prynir march ganddo. Cyhuddr y gwro frad gan et was et hin,
The third Perfon Singu'ar of all Tenfes is ufed indefinitely of any Perfon, efpecially if the Nominative Cafe be emphatical. And the Ufe of this Conftruction is moft frequent in the Verb-Subftan- tive; as, 4: tt yw brenhin yr Iuddewon? Mi yu’r winwydden, @ chwithau yw'r canghennau. |
Gwyjr a wna gwr yn wrel.
Gér a wna gwir yn et ol.
Aed y traed hyd atta'r wyl. G. GI, Mi: a circh yt y march bwn, I1.'T.
Dynion a wna dau wyneb,
Di a gynnull yn dég uniawn. G., Gl. Minneu am gwawd tafawd da
Am ei efgair ai myfea.
When a Queftion is afked in the Prefent Tenfe, the Anfwer is made by the fame Tenfe of the fame Verb; as, 4 weli di hyn? Gwelaf. Wet ti yn clywed? wyf, A geri di fi? nick
If the Queftion bg in the Preterperfect Tenfe, and the Emphafis be in the Verb, the Anfwer is made, if Affirmative, by de; if Negative, by Na ddo. Or otherwife, by repeating the Verb, and putting it in the proper Perfon, if an afhrmative Anfwer: But, if Negative, by repeating the Verb, and putting Na before it; as, 4 geraift di hyn? Cerais, or do; or Negatively, Na ddo, or na cherais.
But if the Emphafis be in fome other Words, the Queftion is made by 47, and the Anfwer is made affirmatively by Je, yes; or negatively by Mage, no; as, Ai hwn a geraif?? Ie, or Nage.
hen a Queftion is afked in the Future Tenfe, the Anfwer is made by the fame Tenfe, or by the Future Gwaaf, I will do; as, A geri di? Caraf, or gwndf.
Abfolute Sentences are made by a Conjunétion and the Infinitive Mood of the Verb; as, 4’r Brenin yn dyfod, the King coming, or whilft the King came. Or the Infinitive being underftood ; as, 4 wi yno.
the Weis LANGUAGE, © 63
FR IR HAIR FAIR HAIR BRIO : ASAI AIK IKK
CHAP. XAIX.
Of the Conftruction of ARTICLES.
ac ever placed before Words beginning with Confonants; and
before w, when G is thrown away from the Word, as being: Feminine ; as, Y wraig: And fometimes before Words beginning with J; as, y zaith, Yr is never put entire but before fuch Words as begin with Vowels.
Thefe Articles reftrain or determine the Senfe of the Word they are put before, to fome Particular; in the fame Manner as the de- fnite Article rhe in Englifh.
When Words of the Mafculine Gender have an Article fet be- fore them, their radical Letters are not changed; as, Y gwr, y brenin: But if they be Feminines, their Initials are changed into their Soft; as, Y frenhines; y wraig. :
When a Welfh Verb, Prepofition, or other Particle, ending with a Vowel, come before a Subftantive or Adjective beginning with a Confonant as well as Vowel ; and if the be found in the Exgli/h be- tween them: Then is ’r, of yr, added to thofe Words ending with Vowels; and the Subftantives or Adjectives make no Change of their radical Imitials, if Mafculines; but change them into their Soft, if Feminines (fo thofe Feminines begin not with Z/ or RA); as, Cofpr’r bradwr ; Cofprr anfadwr; Y tad a’r fam; Na’r tad nar fam; Trwy’r tad a thrwy’r fam; O’r tad ac ar fams Pr tad ac ir fam; Cofp’r tad a chefpi’r fam; Y grafel dad a@’r drugarog fam; Y drugarog fam a’r grafol dad; Myfi yw (or, ydyw’r) djn.
Proper Names have not the Articles fet before them, becaufe they do of themfelves individually or particularly diftinguifh the Things or Perfons, of which one {peaks ; and they being thus particularly diftinguifhed, need not any more particular Diftinétion. And for this Reafon the Word Duw, fignifying the Supreme Being, has no Article before it; except where He is diftinguifhed from the falfe Gods of the Heathen; as in 4és xvii. 24. YDuw a wnaeth y bjd a pheb peth fydd ynddo, &%c. So likewife the Names of Countries, Uities, Rivers, Fc. have no Articles before them.
Yet the Ancients commonly fet an Article before Proper Names; &, Y Cynon, y Giwn.
Article is not put before the former of two Subftantives, when they betoken divers Things.
CHAP:
64. fin INTRODUCTION £0
TERETETTEOTEER OCTET TOT ETT
CHAP. XXX. The Conftruétion of ApvERBS.
A An Adverb of Afking and of Affirming, makes the Word fol- 9 lowing it change its radical Initial into its Soft; as, 4 fu ddjn drymmach ei fryd ? Duw a ddiwedodd.
Na, ni, ona, before Words beginning with B, D, G, L/, RA, make the Initials of thofe Words foft; as, Na fyfia; na ddywatd ; na dd; nawna, na ladd; na rodia.
Except Verbs Subftantives, which are ufed, fometimes with 2 radical, fometimes with a foft Initial; as, Dywedodd na byddem gwacth. Na fydd ymryfongar.
Ni beiddiaf dy rybuddiaw. D. G.
Ni beiddiaf, ni bu addas, Ganu dy gerdd gan dy gds. Tor. F.
Ni feiddiaf rhag anfoddau. And fo before any other Verbs, in the Poets ; Ni metha larwm Mathae. G. GI.
Ni mynnen am et ethioes. D. Ed.
Pam ar fonedd a gwédd gwiw Brawd tarll na bwrid eurlliw ?
‘They change the radical Initials of Verbs beginning with C, P, 7, into Afpirates ; as, Na char; ni phar; o na thawit.
Words preferve their radical Initials, when they come after any of thefe Adverbs following ; viz. Agatfydd, ai, fe allai, allan, nid amgen, amgylch, ond antur, yr awrhon, cyn, o ddamwain, diammau, diau, digon, dioer, o'r diwedd, yn ddiweddar, yn ddiwethaf, ebrwydd, eiftoes, erllynedd, etto, eufys, fal and fel, felly, yn foreu, y fory, fry i fynu, gwedi, gwell, heddyw, yn hollawl, nid hwyrach, lawer, mal, malpai, megis, mewn, mwy, myn, mynych, nad, na’s, nid, nis, 0 e thryb, 0 herwydd, oddi-accw, oddi-draw, oddi fewn, oddi-yma, oddi- yna, odduchod, oddifod, yn cl, ond odid, onid, ple, fef, tra, tradwy, yn dragywydd, tranoeth, trennydd, i wared, weithian, y leni, ym, ym aith, ymron, yn ymyl, yna, ynawr, ys, yfeatfydd,
The Adverbs following make the Words, which come after
them, change their initial Confonants into their Soft; viz. stl ae lan,
the Wetsu LANGUAGE. 65
achlan, adolwg, adolwyn, aie, daccw, dobry, doe, draw, dyfry, dymma, dyna, e, fe, fo, gormodd, 1, iddo, llyma, llyna, nag e, nycha, oddiar, rhy, rn, fwrn, taran, wele, ychydig.
Thefe Adverbs, Agos, bellach, beunydd, echdoe, yma, yno, when Verbs follow them, fuffer them to retain their radical Initials ; but : Subftantives follow them, they change their Initials to the {oft
orm.
Braidd and Prin, before a Verb, have y between them and the Verbs, in Affirmations, the Verb retaining its radical Initial; as, Prin y dig o’r pren degwm.
When za, negative comes after them, Soft; as, Brardd na lith« rats,
When compounded with Nouns, they make them change their Initials likewife intd the foft Form; as, Braidd gyfwrdd, braidd
It is ufual in Welfh to multiply Negatives; 47 am nad cedd dim beddau yn yr Aipht? as in Greek, ‘Ov jar, sve svdiy. . All Interje&tions make the Nouns following them change their Initials into the Soft; as, Aa elyn; tyred wr. But when Verbs come after them, they retain their radical Initials.
When we fay, o Duw, and the like, o is fet by itfelf, and Duw abfolutely, 4g. 4 0, Duw.
Pee eee ete eee et Otte tt tte t-t-0-6-4
CHAP. XXXI. Of the Confiruétion of ConjuNcTions.
dik HE Confunétions, 4, na or 0, and oni, change the Initial of the Word following them into Afpirate; as, Mam a thad. A chig dy Stin@ : Heed y ddaiar. Na phen na chynffon, Ont thaf; oni pheri. But Oni has fometimes the Radical ; as,
; Oni myn un am enaid, Ymrot i Syr Rys, marw fy raid. T.A,
As alfo the Soft ; as, Co/pir di oni weithi. _
Mor and Cyn make no Change of £/ and R45; as, Cyn Lhyfned, gn rhatted. Mor llawen, mor rhydd.
They change all the other mutable Confonants into the Soft; as, Mor dég, cyn decced, mor grif, cyn gryfed.
Words keep theit radical Initials, when they come immediately after any of the Conjunétions following, viz. Ai, can’s, canys, eyd bo, chwaith, chwaithach, cithr, er, 0 ethryb, etto, hagen, o berwydd,
i er hynny,
66 An INTRODUCTION 7/0
er hynny, mat, nes namyn, oblegid, obleid, onid, onis, ond, 0s, or, pes pes, taw, yr.
Ped, if, is ufed before Vowels : except before the Tenfes of the Verb-Subftantive Bod, which hath a foft Initial; as, Ped fyddwn, fed fyddit, ped frddat, Ge.
Ped fuafwn, ped fuafit, ped pia at, Fe.
Or it is incorporated with the Verb, thus ;
Sing. Pettwn, pettit, pettai. Pl. Pettym, pettych, pettynt,
Sing. Pettafwn, afit, afai. Pl. Pettafem, ‘afech, afent.
The Conjunétions, Am, can, gan, neu, pan, change the radical Initial of the Word following it into its Soft.
When a Subftantive comes after the Conjunction Hefyd, it has a foft Initial; as, Gwnaeth ddrwg, hefyd gyflafan. But if a Verb fol- Jow, it retains its radical Initial ; as, Dywedadd, hefyd tyngodd.
O, requires the radical Initial after it; as, O ceri fi. Sometimes the Afpirate ; as, O chyfyd rhai i'm berbyn, PYal. can. xviii. 48.
EDR IOI I HKD ID HIRI ODIO | CHAP, XXXII
The Con/fruétion of PREPOSITIONS,
HE Prepofitions following have a radical Initial after them,
I viz. Amgylch, ar draws, cylch, er, er ys, erbyn, o fewn, ger bron, gerllaw, goris, goruwch, gwedt, gyferbyn, heblaw, heibio, ¢ herwydd, hwnt 1, is, iflaw, o ethryb, 0 gylch, oddifewn, rhag, rhwng, uch, uweh, uwehlaw. And Yn before Verbs of the Infinitive Mood, and Words whofe radical Initials are Z/ and Rb.
Am, ar, at, can, gan, i, beb, 0, cddiar, tan, tros, trwy, torth, have foft Initials after them.
Words following 4, tua, gyda, change their Radicals into Afpi- rates.
Hyd, may have either a radical or foft Initial.
When the Prepofition Yx is joined to Nouns in the Signification of the Ablative Cafe, it hath the Liquid Form, and changeth its » into the Liquid of the Word following ; as, Canal, yng-nghanel, and for Brevity’s Sake, ynghanol. Pen, ym-mben. Ty, yn-nby. Bara, ym-mara. Duw, yn-Nuw. Gur, yng-ngwbr, and yagwr.
When it denotes Quality, State, or Change of a Thing, or Di- ftribution, it changes the Initials of the Words following to the foft Form; as, Efe a fydd yn ben, a thia fyddi yn gynffon. Deut. xxvii. 44. Aft ath wreuthym ya Douw 1 Pharae. Exod. vii. 1. Ht a acth yn wialen, Xb. iv. 4. A’r boll ddyfroedd y rhai oeddynt yn
sr afon,
the We_su LANGUAGE. 67
gy afon a drewyd yn waed. Ib. vii. 20. Mi a’th wnaf yn ddoeth, yn ddyfgedig, yn gyfoethog, Sc. Hwy alas, yn wr, yn wratg, yu fychan, ma fawr, yn ddrwg, yn dda, Se.
Moreover, Prepolitions are compounded one with another ; as, 2, adding the Syllable dd, is compounded with the following Prer pofitions ; Ar, oddiar ; amgylch, oddiamgylch ; ger bron, oddiger bron; rhwng, oddi rhwng ; am, oddiem; wrth, eddiwrth ; gyda, addi gyda ; tan, oddi tan; tres, oddi tres; trwy, addi trwy; gan, eddi gan. So i fynu,, 1 wared.
They are alfo compounded in the fame Manner with Adverbs of Place ; oddi-yma, cddi-yna, oddycho, oddifa, addifry, eddighry, odd: draw, odai-arnodd, odditanedd, Sc.
Fe Qw Be he fed eG ee Bey eG hehe Gogg e FG CHAP. XXXIII.
The Conffru€tion of Prepoftions ufed in Compofition.
Is compounded with Words beginning with Afpirates ; as, 4: £*9 thrift, achluft, achwhn, achwyn.
Thefe following change the radical Initials of the Words they are compounded with into foft; Add, as, addfwyn, addfed. Am, as, amgylch, amdo. And compounded with Dy, as, Damgylchynu.
» as Arbennig, ardderchawg, arwerthu, ardymmberu.
Ad, as, adfywio. Dad, as, dadwino. Lied, as, Lledfyw. Go, as, goddrwg, gobrudd. Gwrth, as, gwrthddywedyd. Hy, as, hybarch, byfryd. Dar, as, darfod, daroflwng. Rhy, as, rhybucho, rhybuched. Di, as, dibechod, diler. Dy, as, dygymmod, dygyrch. And di for dy, as, dilyn. Dir, as, dirdynnu, dirweftu. — :
So Dys, and dis, dos, which come from it, fave only that the foft Confonants after s feem to found ftronger ; Dofbarthu, dofpar- thu, dofbleidio, dofpleidio.
Tm is alfo with a Soft; as, Ymwrol, ymbleidia.
. Gor, before the Initials 4, d, doth change them into the foft Form; as, Gorfod, gorflwng, gorddwfr, gorddyfn.
Before m, it fometimes retains the radical Initial ; as, Gormodd, gormail: And fometimes changes it into the Soft; as, Gorfoledd.
It changeth the Initials P, C, J, into Afpirates ; as, Gorthrechu, gorthrymmu, gorphwys, gorphen, gorchymmyn, gorcheifn, gorchaled, gor- thir, gortherch, gorthew, gorthaw ;
Nid gorthaw a wnaf wrth a garwyf. C.
- Before other Initials it retains the Radical; as, Gorllyfnu. Aan
68 An INTRODUCTION, &r,
An, before Li and R, is fometimes ufed with the Radical; asy Anilywodraeth, anrhydedd. Sometimes with the foft Initial, and being turned into f; ass Afiuniaidd, aflafar, afrywiog, afreolus. An, and Cyn, before the radical Letters G, P, T, B, D, are ufed - in the liquid Form, the being changed into the Liquid of the Word following, as in the Prepolition Yn ; as, Cywir, ang-nghywar 5 Can, cyng-nghanedd. And more concifely, Anghywir, cynghanedd. Perffaith, am-mherffaith ; porth, cym-mhorth. Teilwng, an-nheilwng 3 ea cynnhyrfu. Brivd, am-mrwd. Duwiol, an-nuwidl. fore G and M it is ufed with the Soft; Gwr, anwr. Marwol, anfarwol. . oe is ufed with a foft Initial; as, Cyd-ladd, cyd-ddwyn, cyd- afnach, ee eines before Li, Rh, and Vowels, d is changed into f; as, Cyfladd, cyfled, cyfrodedd, cyfelin. Cyd, in others, has the fame Coniftruction as An and Cyn. Cynt, before Vowels and H remains unchanged ; as, Cynt-baid. In others it is unconftant, and learned by Ufe; as, Cym-rnru, cym-mblith ; cynrabad, cyndyn; cyffefin; ute Tra, before C, P, T, has an afpirate Initial; as, Tra-chadarn, tra-pharod, tra-thenau. Before others the Radical; as, Tra-blin, tra-dyfal, tra-glew, tra-mawr.
ce Exrara. Page 5, Line 26, for Oppofition read Appofition. p. 36, 1. 13, for diddiw, r. diddim, —— Pp. 43, 1. 24, for Digais and Digaifi, r. Dygais and Dygaift—— Read the Parenthefis in p. 13, 1, 25 and 26, thus; (except telyn, b/cuyddyn, odyn, of the Feminine Gender),
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é f-— it . Kittle a4 : , f ‘ a fy, y ‘ FILA Ld - & Ee Lo LK PLEA ae SELF A
Pay “e Jtt3+9 joie’ of fe Fe gurrtnzn c ,g
poner ally tin Atrafd heed. bao bake, a cede.
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SER OOOISER RGOCENOEOSOR
Antique Lingue Britannice
THESAURUS.
BSA ON or os A
A
A AC, adv. and conjun@. as, 9 and. Yn gyftal mam a thad. Yn gyftal hén ac ieuainge.
Tréf a gwiad. Aur ac arian.
A, Ag, prepofi it. with; as, Lladd- wyd ef 4 chleddyf. Ac a’u dig hwynt allan ag arian. P/a/. cv. 37. We ufe to put a circumflex over the prep. A, for diftinélion’s fake, and none over the adv. and comund. A. The A, whether adv. conj. or prep. is ufed to be fet be- Sore words beginning with a con- fonant, and Ac and Ag generally before avords beginning with a wowel; as you fee in the examples above. But Ac is fometimes put before confonants; as, Beunydd ac fyth y clodforwn dydi. Te Deum.
A, an adv. of afking is of the fame fignification with the Latin adv. an, num, nunquid; and hath no Englith exprefed for it: as, A oes neb yma? Nunquis hic eft? Ls there any herg?
A, an adv. of affirming is placed be- fore verbs only; as, Duw a ddy-
BELA LORENA ERE TORE
AB
wedodd, GOD faid; Duwa Wyr, GOD knows; Barn a f¥dd, judgment will be, It is only am expletive, except when it is ufed relatively; as, Yr enaid a becho, The foul that finneth, Ezckiel
xviil. 4.
A, is alfo a prep. ufed in compofition,
and enhanceth the fenfe of words 5 as, Achadw, from A and Cadw; Achar, from A and Cir; Ach- rwm, from A and Crwm; Aph- wys, from A and Pwys; Athrilt rom A and Trift,
Ab, an Ape. Ab, or Ap is fet betevcen the fon’s
and the father’s name in pedigrecs Sor Mab, a fon, and ufed to Jerve formerly inftead of a firname; as, Gruffydd ab Cynan; Howel ab Jeuaf; Llewelyn ap Jorwerth. But fince the Wellh, in imitation of the Englifh, baw taken fir- names, they have left out the A, and j foined the B to the name Sol- lowing, if it began with a vowels or P, if it began with H or R,
Hence
AB
Hence many of our firnames begin- ning with B or P; as, Bowen, Sor Ab Owen; Beinion, for Ab Einion; Bithel, for Ab Ithel ; Bevan, for Ab Evan; Powel, for Ap Howel; Peilyn, for Ap Hei- lyn; Parry, for Ap Harry: Poy- fkin, for Ap Hoytkin; Prichard, for Ap Richard; Pugh, for Ap Hugh; Prys, (now written, Price, and by fome families, Pryce, or Pryfe) for Ap Rhys; Profler, for Ap Roffer; Prydderch, for Ap Rhydderch, €c.
Abad, an abbat, or abbot. So in Arm. p/. Ebyd, abbots. Corn. A- baz. Heb. 3x, Ab, and Syr. nan, Abba, father, Hine Coenobiar- cha dicitur Abbas, quafi Pater cenobii. Buxtorf.
Abades, an abbefs. So in Arm.
Abadaeth, an abbacy, or abbot/bip. The benefice and office or dignity of an abbot.
Abatty, an abbey-houfe, a monaftery over which an abbot prefides. So in Arm.
Aball. W. LI. renders i¢ Anundab. Whence T. W. renders it Diffidi- um in Latin: that is, variance, difcord or difagreement. But Dr. Davies thinks it fignifies the fame as Pall, want, defe&, failing, need, [carcity, ruin. Y mae trais, a ladrad ac anudon wedi gyrru ar aball bob cynneddfau da. Ri- chard, Bp. of St. David's, in bis preface to the N.T. So Geoff. M.
Aballu, to fail, to perifh.
t Aban, rhyfel. Li. war, battle. It is written alfo, Eban. Aban a ddaw beunydd ynn, I’n bro ni abairnewyn. Folo Goch.
+ Abar, budreddi. Z/. Jt fcems to be a noun ad. and to fignify, cor- rupt, rotten, fitnking. Others take it to be the fame as Butia, a car- cafe. Abar feddau. D. B. Nid abar y gwnaeth. C. Cyn bwyf abar a’m bo Mudded. M. Br.
AB
Lleér gwawr gwedy bo abar, fle y mae Saint, yn Sant diafar. C,
Abediw, (Ebediw or Obediw, for "tis varioufly written,) a berriot, the beft beaft a tenant has at the time of his death, due to the lord. In the Welth laws it fignifies, a fum of money due to the lord from the goods of a vaffal, tenant, or feudatory, when be died, Punta hanner yw ei Ebediw. KH. This eword comes from Obediw, which is derived from the Lat. Obitu. Yn ei Obediw, Jr obitu fuse. Quid apertius ? faith Dr. Wotton.
Aber, the fall of a leffer water into a greater; as, of a brook into a river, of ariver into a lake or fea; the mouth of a river, a ha- ven, a port or harbour. In N. W. it fignifies a brook, a fiream. From this word, and the name of the river joined to it, are derived not only the names of many towns and other places in Wales, but al- fo in Scotland; as, Aberdeen, Abernethy, Aberbroth, &'c.
Aberffraw, the royal feat of the princes of North-Wales, whirl? they flourifh’d; fituate in the ifle of Anglefey, nigh the Irith fea: who were thence alfo filed, Kings of Aberffraw. Vid. Ffraw.
Aberth, a facrifice. Dr. D. derives it from the Heb. mat, Zebach.
Aberthu, to facrifice.
Aberthawr, or Aberthwr, 4e that offereth facrifice: aprich; a mafs- pricf.
Abl, able, fufficient, powerful. Abl i bawb a’i bodlono. P.
Abledd, ability, power, fufficiency.
Abo; the fame as Abwy. P. M.
Abraidd, farce. H. §. Vid. Braidd.
+ Abred. g. Hyd pan ddillyngwys Crist geithiwed, o ddyfnfais aphwys abred. Ta/. vid. Diabred.
Abrwylg, @ furfcit by too much eat- ing or drinking. :
Abrwyfgl, ¢he fame as Amrofgo,
im-
AC immenfe, buge, vafi, very great, mighty big.
Abfen, abjence. GwWydd ac Abfen, prefence and abjence: alfo, flan- dering or {peaking ill of thofe that are abfent.
Abfennu, to peak ill of the abjent ; to flander, to back-bite. Heb ab- fennu a’i dafod. P/. xv. 3.
Abfennwr drwg, a back- biter, a flanderer, a malicious detra&er.
Abfen drwg, & drwg abfen, detrad- ion, flandering, {peaking ill of thofe that are abfent. Da ei abfen, #s one that {peaks well of the abjent.
Abwy, a carcafe, carrion.
Abwyd, fing. Abwydyn, a bait to catch fib; an earth-worm. From
A and Bwyd. In fome places Am- d. - AC
Ac, Vid. A.
Accen, the tone or accent of a word in pronunciation: alfo, an hatit in paren 3 an ill accuftomed word or {pecch.
Accenu, or Accennu, to accent words. Vid. 24 Camp. Canu cywydd pedwar, ac accenu. |
Acew, there, in that place. Gr. ixsi, ekei.
+ Acewn, a coat of mail. D.
Ach, a fem or pedigree ; the lineage of one’s anceftors. Heb. wn’, Ja- chas; pedigree, genealogy. Dav. Pi. Achau and achoedd. Achau y tad o chaid dydd, Achoedd E- fa ferch Ddafydd. Z.G. it fig- nifies alfo the degrees of confangui- nity; for Achoedd cenedl and Naw radd cenedl, are ufed in the
‘ame fignification in K.H. and < fel Jay, Nid yw efe yn perthyn iddo o’r nawfed ach.
Achwr, one that profeffeth frill in gencalogies; an herald; a writer of pedigrees.
Ach, is ufed for Merch, being pre- fix'd to the father’s name; as, Ab or Ap for Mab. Communi rati- ene Cognomina Britannica fiunt,
AC
praefigendo Ab pro Mab, in filiis; Ach pro Merch, ix fliabus cogno- minandis. Davies’s Gram. p. 161.
Ach, for Uch, above. Ach ei law. K. H.
A’ch, for a eich, and your ; as, A’ch tad, and your father.
Ach, @ particle ufed in compofition ; as, Achludd, achles.
Achadw, rhe fame as Cadw, to keep. From A andCadw. Gorwiliais yn achadw ffin. Gravel.
Achanog, the fame as Anghenog, needy, indigent, in want,
Achar, from A and Car, he loveth, be will love; loving. Neb traha nid achar. N. Hence the com- pound Diachar, not amiable, un- lovely, odious.
+ Achef. g.
+ Achen. 2, whether the fame as Echen. Cenedl, /aith LI. kin- dred, family, anation. It is ta- ken for Ach. Yn achen y ddraig wen wiw, Rownllaes y mae’r a- rianlliw. ‘foo i arfau Mortimer. Mae fyched, mafw ei hachen, Meddwdod i’th orfod i’th én. D. G. ir gog. I brofi uchod ei brif achen, Ym myfg arafwch y mae ‘fgrifen. L.G.
+ Achenu, from A and Cann, to fing. Achenaf uchenaid gyfrin. M. Br.
+ Aches, D. Achos, H.8. the fame as Afon, a river.
Achlan. 7. ¢. i gd oll, a//, altoge- ther, all without exception.
Achles, a place of fuccour and re- Suge, where one is cherifh'd and made much of ; defence, protcéion, Juccour. Heb. pons Chalak, to appeafe, to coax, to flatter. D. -
Achlefu, to refre/h, to cherifh and make much of ; to take into one’s care and proteflion. Y rhaidaa achlefir ya arffed yr Eglwys: They that be good foall be cherifp- ed in the bofom of the church.
Achludd, to bide; a thing hidden; hiding. Hence Ymachludd, to be
Az bid-
AC
hidden, to hide himfelf. Thence, corruptly, Machlud haul for Ym- achludd haul, the Aiding or going dseun of the fun; Sun-fet. Hence alfo Diachludd; that is, Diym- guid, act hidden. Y mae gwely i'm gelyn, Lle’r ymachludd deu- reld dyn. 37, R. Ymachludd glovw Forfudd glaer. D.G.
Achlult, a searing. D.
Achlyfur, @ caufe, motive ; occafion, Jeafon or opportunity.
+ Achor. 2. wh. from Ach and Or, or from A and cor. It feems to fignify fall and fender. Hence
Diachor, azd p/. Diechyr. D.
Achos, and Achaws, caufe. p/. Ach- ofion. Achaws dybryd, K. H. a foul crime; that is, adultery. Ac-
hwys is al/o red, and Achwyfion.
Achre, gwiig. Li. a garmint, a co- «ering. Vid. Achref and Achwre.
Achré, éut rather, yea rather, nay, way