CASTEL OFF LOUE

(CHASTEAU D'AMOUR

OK

CARMEN DE CREATIONS MUNDI)

ROBERT GROSSETESTE

BISHOP OF LINCOLN.

COPIED AND EDITED FROM MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD,

NOTES, CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL, AND GLOSSARY,

RICHARD FRANCIS WEYMOUTH, M.A. LOND.,

MEMBER OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIF.TT.

ASHER & CO., \<\'

irrtc Tn Tiitf pun t\\ .nnrn if. «rtfiri?TV »

PUBLIS1IEHS TO THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LONDON: 13 BEDFORD ST., COVENT GARDEN.

BERLIN: UNTER DEN LINDEN, 20.

1864.

PR

FOREWORD.

I follow Mr. Cockayne's example in his edition of Seinte Marherete in using the term Foreword, not as preferring a purely English word when thus employed in an unusual (or unprecedented) sense, but because the notice of this poem which has already appeared in the Transactions of our So ciety, 1862-3, pp. 48-66, contains most of that information which the reader expects in a Preface, and it is to that paper that I have referred in the notes and Glossary by the abbreviation Pr.

In Mr. Cockayne's Foreword just alluded to he expresses the opinion that "the present generation of English scholars has not advanced to that point" at which an editor may treat his text "according to the true theory of a critical edition", and endeavour to make it "as perfect as possible, whether by collation or emendation". I have ventured on the experiment ; with what success, my readers will be able to judge.

I have ventured on the experiment, partly as encouraged by the (at least tacit) approval on the part of our Society of certain emendations which I have already proposed; partly relying on the abundant critical materials which time has spared. There are in print two texts of the original French, one of which I have collated with the MS.; and

IV FOREWORD.

besides the English as edited by Mr. Halliwell, there are in MS. the two copies of another text, both in the same handwriting, which I have quoted as A. and V. (See Pr., p. 49.) But A. and V., though they contain a much better text than H., are only copies from some older MS., which is now lost; and I trust it will be understood that my ob ject is to ascertain from all these sources the original word* of the English version of the poem. I have already shown (Pr., pp. 62-64) that in various instances H. has preserved the true reading where A. and V. have missed it. Yet not many alterations of the text of A. and V. have been needed, and all the readings of these two MSS. are given, so that the reader has in all cases the requisite materials for form ing his own judgment.

Doubtless it may be urged that "we do not know enough of the possible changes and meanings in Early English to treat one of its texts like a classical one." A ready reply is, that as to all cases of doubtful usage, to attempt emen dation is just the most effectual way of claiming for them the careful consideration of those English scholars who think their native language as well worth study as those of Greece and Rome.

Yet whoever makes the attempt must throw himself on the indulgence of the candid reader.

But the editor of a classical author aims at making the text not only as perfect as possible, but also as intelligible as possible to the reader. This of course involves punctu ation and the employment of capital letters according to generally understood rules. I have acted accordingly in dealing with this English poem, which I hope will be found — with but few exceptions — readily intelligible from be ginning to end. Indeed though the MSS. which are here almost exclusively followed were evidently written by the

FOREWORD. V

same hand, the differences between them as to points and capitals are so numerous as to remove all scruple about consulting primarily the reader's comfort in these matters. By way of compromise with antiquarian predilections, which as an individual I fully share, I have left many of the con tractions unexpanded, following V. rather than A. where they differ. In other places I have indicated, by two or three letters in a word being printed in Italics, that they are not written in full in the MSS.

I have nowhere either added or cut off a final <?; nor even, by any kind of accent, marked such an e as neces sarily sounded. My theory is that whenever the final e represents a final syllable in Anglo-Saxon, it may — not must —be sounded; and never otherwise. See notes on 11.32, 331, and 830, and Glossary s. vv. Drihte, Bope, Wipoute.

The division of paragraphs is the same as is marked in the MSS. by illuminated initials.

In quoting the French I have generally, not always, al lowed the simple pointing of the MS. to remain, that is a mere comma at each alternate line.

As to the age of this poem, the date of the Manuscript, must of course not be confounded with that of the text. The Vernon MS. is considered by Mr. Coxe to have been written about 1370. I believe the language to be that of the beginning of the 14th century. Were we to write a pas sage of this poem with vor for /or, and sch turned into $s, so as to resemble Robert of Gloucester's orthography, it would I think be difficult to detect in the Chronicle any proofs of an antiquity higher than that of the Castle of Love.

The text V. was copied for me from the Vernon MS. by Mr. George Parker of the Bodleian. I also collated that MS. myself in January 1863; and as the sheets have been

VI

FOREWORD.

passing through the press, they have been very carefully read with the MS. by my friend the Rev. F. Chalker, Fel low of C.C.C., Oxford.

The other text I copied from Add. MSS. 22283 in the Br. Mus., and the proof sheets have been read with the MS. by Mr. F. E. Tucker of the Br. Mus.

1 have also to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. Furni- vall and the Rev. J. Earle for valuable suggestions tending to solve some of the difficulties of the poem.

Portland Grammar School, Plymouth. June 8, 1864.

R. F. WEYMOUTH.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Her byginet a tretys pat is yclept Castel off loue, pat bisschop Grosteyjt made ywis For lewede mennes by-houe.

pat good penkep ' good may do,

And God wol helpe him perto ;

For nas neuere good werk wroujt2

W*-oute biginninge3 of good poujt; 5 Ne* neuer was wroujt5 non vuel6 ping

pat vuel6 poujt7 nas pe biginnyng.

God, Fader and Sone and Holigost,

pat alle pig on eorpe sixt and wost,

pat o God art and prilli-hod 8, 10 And preo persones in on-hod9,

Wip-outen ende and biginninge10,

To whom we oujten ouer alle pinge;

Worschupe11 him wip trewe loue,

pat kineworpe12 kyng [is]13 vs aboue; 15 In whom, of whom, porw whom beop

Alle11 pe goodschipes 15 p* we here i-seop.

1 A. penchep. 2 A. wrouht. 3 A. begTnynge. 4 A. no: see Gloss. 8 A. wrouht. 6 Vuel— in which doubtless the v is the vowel and « the consonant— is the common form in V., as Mr. Wright prints uvel in his edition of the Owl and Nightingale; except where he gives wle = vvle = uvle. A. begins the word always with e, euel. 7 A. pouht. 8 H. trinite. 9 H. unite. 10 A. biginnynge. u A. worschipe. 12 H. crowynd. '» H. ys, A. and V. art. u V. al. 15 H. goodnesses.

a

2 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

He leue vs penche ' and worchen so, pat he vs schylde2 from vre fo.

Alle we habbep to help neode, 20 pat3 we ne bep4 alle of one peode,

Ne i-boren in one londe,

Ne one speche vnderstonde5;

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite,

Ne Ebreu G ne Gru pat bep i-write, 25 Ne French7, ne pis oper8 spechen

pat me mihte in world sechen.

To herie God, vre derworpe drihte,

As9 vche raon oujte 10 w1 al his mihte,

Lof-song n syngen to God jerne 30 Wip such speche as he con lerne,

No monnes moup ne be 12 i-dut,

Ne his ledene 13 i-hud u,

To seruen his God pl hf wroujte Is,

And maade 1C al pe world of noufte ".

1 A. penchen. 2 A. schilde. 3 H. reads thawgh, to which pa* here equivalent: see Gloss. 4 A. beof>. 5 A. vndurstonde. 6 Ebreuh. 7 A. Frensch. 8 A. opur. The » of spechen and sechen half erased in A. • H. omits at. to A. onhte. " V. loft song: looving to synge. lf A. beo. 13 A. leodene. As the A.S. lyden wa undeclined, and no form exists in which it assumed an additional lable, there is apparently no authority for sounding the final e of especially as a vowel follows. The reading in H. suggests a suspick that the line should run —

Ne his leden be i-hud; but taking it as it stands we may scan thus: —

Ne | his le | den | i-hud: compare 497 and 513, and Reineke de Fos (18 Kap.)—

So | hyrfor | is | gesagd. Or, still with fourfold ictus, (see Pr., pp. 59, 60)—

Ne his leden i-hiid, like 1. 755, aud nearly like Coleridge's Christabel, 1. 5 —

How drowsily it crew.

14 II. gives this couplet thus: —

No niones ay ne be adrede, Ne his ledone shall not be bed. On this whole passage see Pr., p. 52.

15 A. wrouhte. 18 A. made. 17 A. nouhte.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 3

35 On l Englisch 8 I chul mi 3 resun * schowen

For hi pat con not i-knowen

Nouper5 French ne Latyn:

On Englisch I chulle tellen him

Wherfore pe world was i-wrouht, 40 And aftur6 how7 he was bi-tauht

Adam vre fader to ben his,

Wip al pe merpe s of paradys 9,

To wonen and welden to such ende,

Til pat he scholde to heuene wende; 45 And hou10 sone he hit for-les,

And seppen11 hou hit for-bouht 12 wes

porw pe heije n kynges sone,

pat here on eorpe wolde come

For his sustren p* were11 to-boren15, 50 And for a prison p* was forloren;

And hou16 he made, as je schul heeren,

pat heo i-custe and sauht17 weren;

And to wjuche 18 a Castel he alihte,

po he wolde here for vs fihte: 55 pat pe Marie bodi wes,

pat 19 he alihte and his in ches.

And tellen we schulen of Ysay30, pat vs tolde trewely, A child per is i-boren to vs, 60 And a sone i-jiuen vs,

1 A. in. 2 The French is:—

En romanz comenz ma reison,

For ceus ki ne seuent mie

Ne lettrure ne clergie.

3 A. my. 4 A. reson. 5 A. noupur. ° A. and aftur; V. per-aftur; H. and therafter. 7 A. hou. 8 A. rnurpe. 9 A. paradis. 10 A. how.

11 After sethen H. inserts shall here — a verb without any nominative.

12 A. forboujt. 13 A. hije. 14 A. weore. 15 H. reads thus: —

But ther werene fowre systren i-boren For a prisoner &c.

16 A. how. 17 A. saujt. 18 A. whuch. 19 H. therin : the true read ing is perhaps per, but see Gloss, s. v. petf. w A. Ysaye.

a'2

4 CASTEL OFF LOTJE.

Whos ' nome schal i-nempned beon 3

Wonderful, as me may i-seon8,

And God mihtful and rihtwys;

Of pe world pat comen is 65 Lord pe Fader, 4 and Prince of Pes *.

Alle peos6 nomen hou he wes,

Je schulen7 i-heren and i-witen.

And of domes-dai hou hit is i-writen,

And of heuene we schulen telle, 70 And sudel of pe pynen 8 of helle.

pauh9 hit on Englisch be dim10 and derk,

Ne nabbe no sauer11 bi-fore a12 clerk,

For lewed men pat luitel connen IS,

On Englisch hit is pus bi-gonnen u. 75 Ac whose is witer 15 and wys of wit,

And jerne18 bi-holdep pis ilke writ,

And con pat muchel of lintel " vn-louken,

And hony of pe harde ston souken,

Alle poyntes he fynde may 80 Of vre be-leeue and Godes lay18;

pat bi-fallep to Godes godhede

As wel as to his monhede.

Ofte je habbep i-herd ar pis

Hou19 pe world i-maked is;

1 A. hos. * A. ben. 3 A. i-sen. 4 This punctuation seems to justified, and indeed necessitated, by comparison with 11.612, 613, ai 1375, and with the French of that passage—

E deu, e fort, e li pere

Du siecle ke uient apres.

The rendering of Is. 9.6 in the Vulgate is as follows: — "Parvulus eniin natus est nobis, et tilins datus est nobis, et factus est principatus super huineruni ejus; et vocabitur nomen ejus Adniirabilis, consiliarius, Deus, fortis, pater futuri seculi, princeps pacis." 5 V. writes this as two lines, thus: —

Lord pe Fader

And Prince of Pes.

• A. peose. 7 A. schnl. " H. pyne. 9 A. panj. '° A. dyru. sauur. " A. omits a. IS A. cunnen. u A. bigunnen. 1& A. ak hose is wyter. >• A. }eorne. " V. luitel : A. and H. lintel. I8 H. fay. 19 A. how.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 5

85 Forpi ne kep1 I noujt to telle,

Bote pat2 fallep to my spelle.

In sixe dayes and seue niht

God hedde al pe world i-diht;

And po al was derworpliche i-do 90 pe seuepe day he tok reste and ro.

Lustnep to me, lordynges:

po God atte begynnynges3

Hedde i-maad4 heuene wip ginne,

And pe angeles so briht wip-inne, 95 And pe eorpe per-after per-wip,

And al pat euere in hire bi-lyp5;

Lucifer in heuene wox so proud,

[pat]6 he was a-non i-cast out,

And mo angeles pe eni 7 tonge mai telle 100 Fullen a-doun wip him to helle.

And jit was pe sone po seuesype 8 i-wis

Brihtore forsope pen heo now is;

Also schon pe mone a-niht

So dop pe sone on day-liht. 105 Ne holde je hit not9 for folye,

For so seip pe prophete Ysaye:

Alle pe schaftes pat po weren10

More mijt n and strengpe beren 12

Bi-fore pat Adam pe world for-les. 110 Alias wjuch13 serwe and deol 14 per wes!

1 A. keep. 3 bote pat = except what ; as in the French, 1. 40, (I quote from the MS.),

Assez souent oi auez

Comet le rnund fu cn'ez,

Por co ne voil io niie escn're

For co kapent a ma matire,

Ken sis iurs deu tut cria

Al setime se reposa.

3 A. at pe biginnynges. 4 A. i-mad. 5 A. bi-libp. 6 H. that, V. and A. and: these four lines, "Lucifer — to helle", are not in the French. 7 A. angls pen eny. 8 A. seue sipe. a A. omits not. 10 A. weoren. >' A. miht. 1Z A, beeren, 13 A, -whuch. 14 A. del,

6 OASTEL OFF LOUE.

Alle heo beop i-brouht1 to groundc pat of his ofspringe 2 beop i-foude : Of heuene-blisse heo beop i-flemed, And to deolful dep i-demed3. 115 pe reson is good and feir for-whi, As I chulle ow telle for-pi, pat je schule loue God pe more* And him seruen and clepe to his ore.

po God hedde al pe world i-wroujt*

120 pat per ne faylede rijt6 noujt7, Beest ne fisch ne foul to fleon And vche ping as hit oujte to beon, Blosme on bou}8 and breer9 on rys, And alle ping betere10 pen hit nou is;

125 And po he hedde al wel i-don11, He com to pe valeye of Ebron. per18 he made Adam [and-last]13 so riche Of eorpe, after hym self i-liche ;

1 V. i-brouh. 2 A. ofspring. 3 A. i-deemed. 4 Fr. has —

E co par bone reisun

Apres uos dirai la cheisun.

Kar bon est le remebrer

Par deu plus chieremt amer.

5 A. i-wrouht. 6 A. riht. 7 A. nouht. 8 A. bouh. 9 A. brer

10 A. bettre. " H. and though hede alle welle done. ll Sir John

Maundevile in speaking of Hebron says: 'And righte faste by that Place

is a Cave in the Roche, where Adam and Eve duelleden, whan thei weren

putt out of Paradyse; and there goten thei here Children. And in that

same Place was Adam formed and made; aftre that sum men seyn. » •

And fro thens was he translated in to the Paradys of Delytes , as thei

seyn, &c.' Compare the lamentation of Roberto the Denyll:

'Synce Adam was made in Canaan of claye

1 am the greatest synner that lyued on grounde.'

And, 'In pe vale of eboir &c.', Early English Poems, III, 37. But

Chaucer (Monkes Tale) follows Lydgate and Boccaccio in placing the

creation of Adam 'in the feld of Damassene'. 13 A. and V. and laft,

11. at the last, and so Fr. has —

Kant ico trestut fet a

Tut auderain adam cria. See Cotgrave, e. v. detrain, and Gloss., s. v. and-last.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

And aftur his holy prilli-hod 130 He schop his soule feir and good.

How l mijte 2 he him more loue schowen pen his oune liknesse habbe and owen?

To paradys3 he ladde him po, And caste sleep on him also

135 pat of his syde a rib he nom, And per-of Eue his feere com. He jaf Adam Eue to wyue To helpen : 4 he jaf him wittes fyue 5 To delen pat vuel6 from pe good7.

140 3if he wel him 8 vnderstood 9,

He jaf him jit more worschipe;

Of al pe world pe lordschipe,

And alle pe schaftes of water and lond

Scholden ben vnder10 his hond;

145 Feirlek, and freodam11, and muche miht, And pe world to delen and diht, And paradys to wonen in Wip-outen wo and serwe and pyn, Wip-outen dep in goode12 lyue

150 per joye and blisse is so ryue ; And euere to libben i-liche jong, 0 13 pat of hem to weren at-sprong u

1 A. hou. a A. mihte. 3 A. pardys. 4 A stop at helpen is neces sary, though it gives a caesura not common in this poem : the French is, E puis deuant li lamena E en aie lui dona.

5 A Tract attributed to Wicliffe begins thus: "Clerkys knowen that a man hath five wittes outward, and other flue wittes inward." See Apol. for Loll. (Camd. Society), Intr. p. xv. With the present passage compare 11. 1173-1177. 6 A. euel. 7 A. gode. 8 A. him wel. 9 A. vndur- stoode. 10 A. vndur. n A. fredaui. 12 A. gode. 13 See Gloss, s. v. 0: H. has 'and all tho that of hem two spronge', the writer evidently not knowing o in this sense, 14 V. and sprong.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pe noumbre of pe soule pl fro heuene felle

porw Lucifer a-doun to helle '. 155 And whon hit forp com al pe stren3,

So brijt* heo scholden i-blessed ben

So was pe sonne, as I er tolde,

Brihtore pen heo now * is seuen folde * ;

And so heo scholden to heuene wende, 160 To pe blisse wip-outen ende,

Wip-outen drede of depes dome.

And al pe of-spring 6 pat of hem come,

From pat ilke day to pis,

Scholde so steyjen to heuene-blis, 165 To pe heritage of wynne7 and wele8

Among pe murpe of aungeles 9 fele 10.

Two lawen Adam scholde i-wis Witen and holden in paradis. p* on him was porw kynde11 i-let: 170 pat oper" was clept lawe i-set. pat on him taujte 13 atte leste porw kynde11 to holden Godes heste. pat oper lawe [was] 14 pat him was set : "Of pe appel pow neuer ne et,

1 Compare —

bar stides for to ful fille. pat wer i-falle for prude an hore: god makid adam to is wille. <fec. Early Engl. Poems, III, 17. f A. streon. 3 A. briht. 4 A. nou. 5 These three lines seem mean : 'They should be glorified so bright as the sun was (then), as I be fore said, (that is to say) seven times brighter than she is now.' The French of the whole passage is as follows: — Pus fenssent glorifiez Tut sanz murir (nel dotez) Si beaus, si clers, san trauaus, Come fu lores li solans, Si com auant vus ai conte; E pus el ciel feussent mute.

6 A. ospring. 7 A. winne. 8 A. weole. 9 A. angeles. 10 A. feole. 11 A. kuynde big. 1J A. opur. 13 A. tauhte. u V. and A. omit was, which H. has and the sense demands.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

175 Of pe tre1 pat is for-bode."

So [him]2 seide [and]3 hijte Gode,

pat \vhon he of pe appel etc,

porw dep he scholde pe lyf for-lete;

And al pe kynde4 pat of him com5 180 Scholde pole pulke dom6;

And jif he heolde his heste riht,

God jaf him so muche miht

To welden al pis worldes winne

Wip-outen wo and serwe and sinne.

185 pe seisyn7 hedde Adam po

To wonen in blisse euere and o.

In muche murpe and joye he wes:

A-wei to sone he hit for-les,

His worschipe and his wel-fare, 190 [And]8 broujte9 vs alle in muche care.

po he of pe appel eet,

Godes heste he to-brek10,

pe kuyndeliche and pe set ek ' \

Bope his lawen12 he to-breek, 195 And rapere he dude his wyues bode,

pen he heold pe heste of Gode.

pus Adam porw reupful rage Was cast out of his heritage, And out of paradys i-driue l3, 200 In swynk and swot i world to liue. pe blisse of lyf he hap forsaken, And to deolful dep him14 taken15.

1 A. treo. 2 H. hym, A. and V. he. 3 H. and, A. and V. pa*. The copyist of these MSS. has -written as another man's -words -what it is inconceivable that the translator should have -written as his own: 'So he who was called God said'. So I follow H. See Pr., pp. 62-64. 4 A. kuynde. 5 A. coom. 6 A. doom. 7 A. seysin. 8 H. and, which V. and A. omit. 9 A. brouhte. 10 A. to-breek. n A. eek. * A. lawes, 13 A. i-dryue. 14 V. omits him. 15 V. i-taken.

10

CA8TBL OFF LOUE.

Carfuliche1 he hap i-coren: Now3 he porw rijt3 hap i-loren 205 pe murpe pat he mijte* hauen. Whom mais he to helpe crauen? Out of his heritage he is pult For synne and for his owne6 gult.

Lucifer gon wel lyke po,

210

po Adam was bi-swiken so7;

For alle pe fendes hedden onde

pat he scholde come to p* blisful londe

pat he hedde porw pruide for-lore:

Wel hit likede8 hem per-fore. 215 So muche wox heore miht po,

pat al pe world moste after hem go;

And whon mon hedde i-liued9 in care,

Atte laste he moste dyen and forp-fare10,

Ne mijte11 him helpe no good dede 220 pat his soule moste to helle neede;

For so hit was po ia Adam bi-speke,

And God nolde no forward breke.

For eyle and hard and muche hit wes

pe synne p* pus pe world for-les, 225 pat vche ping vnder heuene-driht

So muche les of strengpe and miht.

God ne wrouhte 13 neuer pat ping

pat out-les porw His wonyng;

For nis no wone on him i-long, 230 3if synne nere M so hard and strong l5.

For God jaf vche ping al his riht,

Ac16 sane17 wonede heore alre miht;

For suneir and wone al is on.

And wone dude Adam po anon,

1 A. carefuliche. 2 A. nou. * A. riht. * A. mihte. 8 A. may. 6 A. oune. 7 H. has, That Adam had trespast so. 8 A. lyked. i-lyued. I0 A. forfare. »> A. mihte. " H. to. » A. -wroujte. u A. neore, I5 A. stronge. *• A. ak. 17 A. synne bis.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 11

235 po he Godes heste at-seet,

And eke po he pe appel eet.

porw wone he lees * his seysyne:

porw wone he brouhte 2 hi - self in pyne.

In pe kynges court jit vche day 240 Me vsep pulke selue lay3.

1 A. les. 3 A. broujte. 3 The sense of this difficult passage, from 1. 227, appears to be as follows: 'God never created any thing which incurred forfeit through his fault (i.e., through God's fault, compare 1.653); for there is no fault attributable to Him — only sin is so hard and strong! For God gave to every thing all its powers; but sin made faulty (or, impaired) the qualities of them all (i. e. of all created things), for sin and fault are all one. And Adam committed a fault then in the very fact (see Gloss., s. v. Anon), that he set aside God's commandment (compare the Psalmist's words, The thought of foolishness is sin), and also when he ate the apple. Through his fault he lost his possession: through his fault he brought himself into suffering. In the King's court they still use this same law every day.' The French, of which our translator has given a loose and inaccurate rendering, runs thus: —

Trop fu grief iceu pechie

Kant trestut feut entuschie,

Kanque de suz le ciel fu

En perdi part de sa uertu, 155 Deu ne fist chose si haute

Nabessast pa sa defaute,

Ke terriene chose feust

Chescune chose son dreit eust,

Ne feust pechie qwe tant gn'eue 160 Pechie a parole brieue,

Cest defaute apertement

Defaute e peche en vn sestent, &c. Lines 155, 156 in the other French text stand thus:

Deu ne fist chose si haute

Que ne bessast per defaute ;

and the meaning, which the translator has quite mistaken, is clearly — 'God made nothing so high that it was not brought down by his (i.e. Adam's) transgression.' H. gives,

God whrowght never that thyng But hit peyred thowrgh his wonniug; But for the wonning of him hit was not long; Nere that synne was so hard and strong.

The first two of these lines follow the French : the meaning of the other twp #nd those which follow it is very hard to conjecture.

12 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Now is Adam wip wo i-nome: Sunes ' pral he is bi-come, pat freore3 was er pen eny ping pat liuede vnder heuene-kyng.

245 He is porw riht peuwe and pral,

To whos seruise3 he vnderstod w*-al, Whon he him serwede in [pewdome]4, And [dede] 5 wip-oute fredome. And peuwe and pral may6 not craue

250 porw riht non heritage to haue: As sone as he is pral bi-come, His heritage is him bi-nome. In court ne in none londe Me ne oujte onswere hi ne vndcrstonde 7.

255 pene he mot a-noper seche,

For to8 schewe9 for him his speche, pat mowe his heritage craue, And pat he pe kynde haue; pat he beo i-boren fre,

260 And pat he ne eete 10 of pe tre ; pat he habbe i-wust wip-inne11 pe preo lawen wip-oute synne, pulke two of Paradys, And pulke of pe Mount Synays,

265 pat to Moyses i-jiuen was, pat neuer jute i-holde nas Of non pat euer dude sune 13. Who mihte penne such mon mune13 Oper14 penchen or i-knowe,

270 pat such wonder mihte18 schowe?

1 A. synnes. 2 A. freor. 3 A. seruyse. * H. has thewdome, and V. pe dome; the French is—

Pus kil se seit en seruage (sic MS.), which seems to mean, 'Since he placed himself in servituc

* So H., V. dhedc, A. dyede. Fr. gives no help. 6 A. niai. vndnrstode. 8 A. forte. • H., That myjht swewe. lo A. ete. " H. with wynne. n A. synne. w A. myne. " A. opur. I5 A. myhte.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 13

Siggen I may in pis stude perof pat ich er dude, For nou Ichul tellen of pe stryf * pat a-mong pe foure sustren lip2.

275 Hit was a kyng of muche miht,

Of good wille and gret in-siht;

And pis kyng hedde a sone

Of such wit and of such wone,

Of such strengpe and of such chere, 280 As was his fader in his manere3.

Of on wille heo weoren bo,

And of on studefastschipe also;

Of on fulnesse heo weoren out-riht,

And hope heo weoren of on miht. 285 porw pe sone pe fader al be-gon*

pat bi-lay to his kynedom5.

[What pat was of]6 his begynnynge7,

pe fader wolde to ende bringe.

Foure douhtren8 hedde pe kyng, 290 And to vchone sunderlyng

He jaf a dole of his fulnesse,

Of his miht and of his wysnesse,

As wolde bi-fallen to vch-on;

And jit was al pe folnesse on 295 pat to him-self bi-lay,

Wip-oute whom he ne mai9

1 A. strif. * A. lyp. 3 A. maneere. 4 A. bi-gon. 5 A. kyngdoin. 6 V. and A. have, 'wip wit was <fec.', leaving the verb 'bring' without an object; H., 'alle that was of &c.' Hence it is not difficult to conjecture the true reading, which the writer of H. changed from ignorance of the common use in early English of ]>at after another relative pronoun. See Gloss., s. v. pat. The French is,

Qwankil uoleit conienceir

Par son fiz le uout cheueir.

(Uout = voulut: Mr. Cooke prints vont, wrongly.) For the change of paf into wit see note on 1. 1401. 7 A. biginnynge. 8 A. doujtreu, 9 A. may.

14 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

His kindom wip pees ! wysen, Ne wip rihte hit justisen.

Good is to nempnen hem for-pi: 300 pe furste doujter hette Merci,

pe kynges eldeste* doujter heo is;

p* oper3 hette Sop i-wis;

pe pridde soster* is cleped Rijt8;

Pees6 hette pe feorpe a-pli}t7. 305 Wip-outen peos foure wip worschipe

Mai8 no kyng lede gret lordschipe.

pis kyng, as pou herdest ar pis,

Hedde a pral pat dude amis,

pat for his gult strong and gret 310 Wip his lord was so i-vet,

pat porw be-siht of riht dom 9

To strong prison was i-don,

And bi-taken to alle his fon

pat sore him pyneden euerichon, 315 pat of no ping heo nedden onde 10

Bote n hf to habben vnder ll honde.

Heo him duden in prisun '3 of dep,

And pynede hi sore wip-outen mep.

I A. pes. * A. eldest. s A. opur. 4 A. suster. 5 A. riht. 6 (The French in the Caxton Society's edition is,

La quarte soer ad avnn pes,

where for avun read anun: 'the fourth sister has Peace for her name'.) 7 A. apliht. 8 A. may. 9 A. doom. 10 H. corrupts these two lines thus:

And of noothing thei hadyn dowle,

But hadde him in here rowte. The French is,

Kar dautre rien neuret fuie

Fors kauoir li en lur baillie;

where avoir envie is clearly used as in modern French, and as in Pals grave's time it meant 'to have a luste to a thyng'. But as it is very doubtful whether onde can signify simple desire, it seems to be a ne cessary conclusion that the translator has here misunderstood the original.

II A. but. 1Z A. vndur. l3 A. prison.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 15

DE MISERICORDIA.

Merci pat a-non i-seij: 320 Hit code 1 hire herte swipe neih 2,

Ne mai3 hire no pig lengore holde,

Bi-foren pe kyng comen heo wolde

To schewen forp hire resoun,

And to dilyuere4 pe prisoun. 325 "Vnderstond," 5 quap heo, "Fader myn,

pou wost pat I am doubter pyn,

And am ful of boxumnes6

Of milce and of swetnes,

And al Ich habbe, Fader, of pe. 330 I be-seche7 pat pou8 here me,

pat pe wrecche prisoun9

Mote come to sum rausum10,

pat a-midden alle11 his fon

In strong prison [pou]12 hast i-don.

335 Heo hi made a-gulte pulke vn-wreste,

Andbi-swikede hi porw heor feir be-heste u, And seiden him jif he wolde pe appel ete, pat whon he hedde al i-ete,

1 Compare the expression in Reineke de Fos, p. 3,

Men dat shandend mines wives — dat gait mi na —

Blivt nigt ungewroken — wo it 6k gal

i. e., 'But the dishonouring of my wife — that touches me closely — shall not remain unavenged, whatever happens.' And on p. 14,

Ji sen it, wat he er havt gedan:

Dat latet ju dog to hdrte gdn!

2 A. neij. 3 A. may. 4 A. diliuere. 5 A. vndurstond. 6 A. buxomnes. 7 V. beo seche. 8 A. pow. 9 We should have here a line of only five syllables , were we not warranted by the A. S. ivrcecca to sound the final syllable of wrecche. 10 A. rausoun. n A. al. 12 A. and V. omit pow; H. has 'in strong pyne thu hast him doon'; and Fr. gives —

Ki enmi ses enemis Auez en gneue prison mis. 13 A. bi-Leste.

16

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

He scholde habbe al pe miht of Gode 340 Of pe treo ' pat him was for-bode ;

And be-gilede8 hf per-of, and heo luytel1

roujte.

For falshede euer-jite heo souhten4,

And falshede5 hem i-jolde be,

And pe wrecche prisun i-sold8 to me. 345 For pow7 art kyng of boxumnes 8

Of milce and of swetnes9,

And I pi doubter alre eldest10,

Ouer alle pe opere11 beldest.

Neuer I pi doubter neore IS, 350 Bote 1S milce toward him were.

Milce and merci he schal haue:

porw milce I chulle pe prisun I4 craue

For pin ownels swete pite:

I schal him bringe to sauete. 355 pi milce for him I crie euer-more,

And haue of him milce and ore."

DE VERITATE.

A-non whon Sop pis i-seij10, Hou Merci hire soster17 hir herte beij 18, And wolde pis pral of prisu 19 bringe, 3CO pat Riht hedde hf i-demet w*-oute edfge ;

1 A. tre. 3 V. be-gylen. 3 A. luitel. * A. souhton. 5 A. falseae. 0 See Gloss., s. v. Sell. 7 A. pou. 8 A. boxumnesse. 9 A. swetaesse. 10 Fr., as printed, 1. 273, is—

E jo ta fille sui einsuee. It should be einsnee = atnee. The same expression occurs in 1. 231 in the form dm nee. — In 1. 276 (compare 11. 349, 350 of our text) there i» a similar error:

Ne dirrai ke ta fille feusse

Si de eel u i pitie neusse;

where Mr. Cooke prints veusse. In the MS. the n and the quently undistingnishable. n A. oper. I8 A. nere.

14 A. pr/son. ls A. oune. 16 A. i-seih. 17 A. suster. 19 A. prison.

it are fre- " A. but. 18 A. beib.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 17

Al heo chaunged hire mood,

And bi-foren pe kyng heo stood.

"Fader, I pe biseche, herkne to me;

I ne may for-bere to telle hit pe 365 Hou hit me pinkep a wonder ping

Of1 Merci my suster wilnyng,

pat wolde w* hire milsful2 sarmon3

Diliuere 4 pe pral out of prison 5,

pat swipe6 a-gulte per Ich hit seih, 370 And tolde hit to Riht p* stood7 me neih.

"Fader, Ich sigge pe for-pi, pou ouhtest8 noujt9 to heere10 Merci Of no boone n pat heo bisechep pe, Bote12 Riht and Soop13 per-mide be.

375 And pow u louest Sop and hatest lees 15, For of pi fulnesse i-comen Ich wes. And eke pow1* art kyng Riht-wys, And Merci herte so reupful is p* jif heo mai 16 saue w* hire mylde speche

380 Al pat heo wole fore bi-seche, Neuer schal be ' T mis-dede a-bouht And pu kyng schalt be ir douted rijt18 nouht.

".pou art also so trewe a kyng, And stable of poujt in alle pyng '9,

1 See Gloss., and compare —

Sire, a mervaelle thinke me Of Bowdewyns avouyng 3ustyr euyn in the eunyng With-owtun any lettyng

Wele more thenne we thre.

Avowynge of King Arther, 37. 5. And Morte Arth. (Roxb. Cl.) p. 14,

Wondir thought me nevir more Thane me dyd of afolyd knight, &c.

2 H. wylsfull. 3 A. sarmoun. * A. delyuere. 5 A. prisoun. 6 H. suche ; but compare 1. 435. 7 A. stod. 8 V. ouhtes. 9 A. not. 10 A. here. ll A. bone. 52 A. but. 13 A. sop. 14 A. pu bis. 15 A. les. 16 A. may. 17 A. beo bis. 18 A. riht. 19 A. ping.

b

18

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

385 For-pi me pinkep Merci wilnep wouj1

And spekep to-jeynes Rijt3 i-noujs.

For Riht con hym4 in prison bynde,

He oujte5 neuere6 milce to fynde;

Milce and merci he hap for-loren, 390 He7 was warned per-of8 bi-foren.

Whi scholde me helpe pulke mon,

pat nedde of hTself pite non?

His dom he mot habbe, as Sop con sugge,

And al his mis-dede a-bugge."

DE JUSTICIA.

395 Riht i-herde pis talkyng:

Anon heo stod bi-fore pe kyng. "pi doujter"9, heo seip, "I am, I wot bi pon, For pou art kyng, riht domes-mon. per bep10 rihte domes mitte,

400 Alle pine " werkes bep ful of witte. pis pral of who my sustren deep mene Hap [dom]13 deserued13 as at eneu; For i tyme while p1 he freo wes, He hedde w* him hope Merci and Pees 15 ;

405 And Sop and Riht he hedde bo,

And w* his wille he wente hem fro, And tyed16 hym11 to wrappe and wouj18, To wreccheddam 19 and serwe i-nouj20.

1 A. wouh. * A. riht. 3 A. i-nouh. * A. him. • A. neuer. 7 A. and. 8 A. her. 9 A. doubter. « A. pyne. " So H.: Fr. is—

Git serfs dont parler oi lugement ad deserui. 13 V. deseruet. u II. gives these two lines thus:

This thralle of whom my sustren mevyn, Hath dome deserved, as 50 Jevyn:

(read )e-\evyn rather, = Germ, gegeben, Tat. gigeban, <fcc.). For see Gloss. I5 A. pes. " A. tyjed. I7 A. him. 18 A. wouh. wrecchedam. *° A. i-nouh.

at ene 19 A.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 19

"So pat jif Riht gep, 410 He schal euere polyen1 dep;

For po pow2 him pe heste hijtest3,

porw Sop pu [pen]4 pe dep him dijtest5,

And I my-self him ^af pe dom6

As sone as he hedde pe gult i-don; 415 For Sop7 berep witnesse per-to,

And elles nedde I8 no dom i-do.

3fif he in court bi-foren vs were,

pe dom pu scholdest9 sone i-here,

For Riht ne sparep for to jugge 420 What-so-euere Sop wol sugge.

porw wisdam heo demep alle

As wole to his10 gult bi-falle."

Sop and Riht lo pus heo suggep,

And pis pral to depe juggep. 425 Neuer nouper ne spekep hf good,

Ne non [of hem] n merci vnderstood ia,

Ac13 as a mon mis-i-rad

On vche half he is mis-bi-lad,

Ne helpep hi no pig wher-so he wendeu 430 pat his fo 15 fettep 16 hf in vche ende,

I A. polien. 2 A. pou. 3 A. hihtest. 4 V. and A. him: H. reads,

Thorgh sothe then deth to him thou hettyst.

5 A. dihtest. 6 A. doom. 7 A. soop. 8 For nedde I H. reads nedlyche. 9 A. schuldest. 10 A. and V. his — a manifest solecism after the plural alle: H., mindful of syntax though not of prosody, gives the line thus:

Aftur here gult, as hit heore doth befalle. Fr. has the singular construction in both lines: A chescun done par saueir Qwankil doit par dreit aueir.

II So H.: A. and V. pat. 12 A. vndurstod. u A. ak. 14 A. weende. 15 H. foon, but Fr. has the sing., like A. and V. both here and in 1. 434, he dude. 16 H. fyjhtyth, and this fettep, if it is the true reading, must mean the same. Fr. has —

Ne se peut garir ou kil aut

Kel enemi nel assaut,

'he cannot help himself, wherever he goes, but that the enemy attacks him'. See Gloss.

b2

20 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

And [hap]1 i-strupt him al start naked*, Of mijt3 and strengpe al bare i-maked4. Him and al ' pat of him sprong He dude a peuwedam vyl and strong,

435 And made a-gult swipe i-lome

And Riht com after6 wip hire dome. Wip-oute Merci and Pees7 heo con juggc Euer aftur pat Sop wol sugge. Ne Pees mot not mid hem be8,

440 Out of londe heo mot fle 9, For Pees bileuep in no londe Wher pat10 is werre, nuy, and onde. Ne Merci mot not a-mong hem Hue, Ac" bope heo bep12 of londe i-driue.

445 Nis per nout in world bi-leued pat nis destrued13 and to-dreued, And dreynt, for-loren, and for-demed, But eijte l4 soulen p* weren la i-jemed In pe schup ; and pat weoren heo,

450 Noe and his sones preo

And heore wyues p* heo hedden bi-fore: Of al pe world nas be-leued 16 more. Careful herte him oujte17 come pat penchep vppon pe dredful dome;

455 And al hit is porw Riht and Sop, pat wip-outen Pees and Merci dop.

DE PACE.

So pat Pees a-last vp-breek, And pus to hire Fader speek:

1 A. and V. omit the auxiliary, though necessary with the participl i-strupt: H. reads,

And In i H stripte him alle start naked.

J A. naket. • A. miht. * A. i-maket. 5 A. and V. al; see Ok 6 A. aftur. 7 A. pes. 8 A. beo. • A. fleo. 10 A. pat, V. per; but the latter is probably an error of the scribe, as this use of per (as there is = Fr. il y a) is rarely found in this text. ll A. ak. '* A. beop. w A. distruyjed. u A. eihte. 1S A. weoren. " A. bi-leued. 17 A. ouhte.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 21

"I am pi doujter saujt and some, 460 And of pi fulnesse am i-come.

To-fore pe my playnt I make:

Mi two sustren me habbep forsake;

Wip-outen me heo dop heore dom1,

Ne Merci among hem noujt ne com2. 465 For no pig pat I mijte do,

Ne moste Merci hem come to3;

Ne for none kunnes fey4

Ne moste ich hem come ney}5.

Ak6 pat dom is al heore owen; 470 For-pi Ich am 7 of londe i-flo wen,

And wole wip pe lede my lyf

Euer on8 pat ilke stryf

pat a-mong my sustren is a-wake,

porw sauhtnesse9 mowe su ende take10.

475 "Ac what is hit euer pe bet.

pat Biht and Sop ben i-set,

Bote heo wite wel pe pees11?

Rihtes rnester12 hit is and wes

In vche dom Pees to maken: 480 Schal I penne beo 13 forsaken,

Whon eueriche14 good fourme13 is wrouht,

And to habben me bi-pouht16?

Ak17 he ne louede [me]18 neuere19 to fere,

pat Merci my suster nul not here.

1 A. doom. 2 A. coom. 3 A. come hem to. 4 A. feij. 5 A. neij. 6 A. ac. 7 A. I am. 8 on in both MSS.: see Gloss., s. v. on. H. reads tyll. 9 A. saujtnesse. 10 A. make: H. reads 'mowe so ende take'. u V. peos without pe. 13 See Pr., p. 54, and Gloss, s. v. 13 A. be. 14 A. eueri. 13 fourme as one word in both MSS., of course = for me: compare mitte = mid the = with thee, 1. 399. 16 A. bi-poujt. " A. ak, V. and, H. but. The French, of which we can scarcely call this couplet a translation, is —

Mes sauue ne su io mie Se misericorde nest oie.

18 H. gives the pronoun, omitted by A. and V., but sanctioned by the Prench, and imperatively required by the sense: 'But he who will not hear my sister Mercy, never loved me as his companion.' 19 A. neuer.

22 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

485 "Of vs foure, Fader, I chul tclle pe

Hou me pinkep hit oujte to be.

Whon pe foure bep1 to-gedere i-sent

To don an euene juggement,

And schul porw skil alle and some 490 Jiuen and demen* euene dome,

per ne oujte no dom forp* gon,

Er pen pe foure ben a-ton.

At-on heo moten at-stonden alle,

And loken seppen4 hou dom wol falle.

495 "Be5 vs foure pis I telle,

We beop not alle of on e spelle :

Boper Ich and Merci

We be-clepep pe dom for-pi;

Hit is al as Rijt8 and Sop wol dome, 500 Merci9 ne me nis hit not qweme.

Wip-outen9 vs per is bale to breme:

For-pi, Fader, pow nime 10 feme.

Of vche goodschipe n Pees ia is ende,

Ne13 faylep no weole per heo wol lende; 505 Ne wisdam u nis not worp an hawe,

per Pees faylep to felawe;

And hose Pees louep wip-outen gabbe,

Pees wip-outen ende he schal habbe.

Mi word oujte ben of good reles, 510 For pou art Kyng and Prince of Pes.

1 A. beop. 3 A. deemen. 3 A. forth. 4 A. seppe. * A. beo. • A. one. 7 See Gloss., s. v. Bo^e. 8 A. riht. 9 These two lines are contained in V. (Fr. and H.), but omitted in A. The French of this passage is,

Cest iugement iert repelez

Ee sanz nus niert pas iugez,

Sanz nus est trop flaelez

Pur co doit troueir pitiez :

that is, 'This judgment shall be revoked, so that it shall not be decided without us: without us he is too severely punished: for this cause he ought to find pity.' (For flaelez = scourged, compare Wright's 1.. P., p. 77, 'e d'escourges flaele".) 10 A. nyme. " A. goodschupe. 1J A. pes. 13 A. per. " A. wisdom. H. reads, Wyt ne wisdam is not <£c. This line is not in the French.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 23

"For-pi pou oujtest1 to here me,

And Merci my suster p* clepep to pe,

pat pe pral pe prisoun

Mote come to sum rausoun. 515 Vre wille, Fader, pou do sone2,

And3 here vre rihte bone;

For Merci enere clepep to pe,

Til pat pe prison dilyuered4 be,

And5 I chul fleon6 and neuere come, 520 Bote7 my sustren ben saujt and some."

pe kynges sone al pis con heren8,

Hou his sustren hem to-beeren;

And seij pis strif so strong awaken,

And Pees and Merci al forsaken, 525 pat w*-outen help of his wisdome

Ne9 mihten heo neuere to-gedere come.

"Leoue Fader", quap10he, "Ich am pi sone,

Of pi wit and of pi wone,

And pi wisdam11 [me]12 clepep me. 530 And so muche pou louedest me

pat al pe world for me pou wroujtest13,

And so pou me in werke [broujtest]14;

For we beop Io on in one fulnesse,

In miht, in strengpe, and in heijnesse16: 535 I chulle al don pat pi wille is,

For pou art kyng rihtwis 17.

"So muche, Fader, ich nyme jeme Of pis strif pat is so breme, pat for pe tale pat Merci tolde pe 540 Ful sore pe prisun ' 8 rewep me :

1 A. ouhtest. 2 A. soone. 3 A. and Fader here. 4 A. delyuered. 5 A. for, Fr. e. 6 A. flen. 7 A. but. 8 A. heeren. 9 A. heo mihte neuer &c. 10 A. <jd. » A. wisdom. 12 A. and V. ouiit me; H., men-, Fr., ta sapience sui clame. 13 A. wrouhtest. u A. bouhtest, V. boujtest, H. browghtest, which the sense demands. 15 A. bej). 16 A. heihnesse. 17 A. rihtwys. 18 A. prison.

24 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

For-pi he rewep me wel pe more, For Merci euere clepep pin ore. pou art, Fader, so milsful1 kyng, Hire we schul heren of alle ping. 545 Al [hire wille I chulle]3 done

And saahten Sop and hire ful sone.

"Nimen I chulle pe pralles weden*, As Sop and Riht hit wolden and beoden4. And al-one I chul holde pe doom5, 550 As justise ouhte8 to don;

And maken I chulle7 Pees to londe come, And Pees and Riht cussen and be saujt and

some,

And druyuen8 out werre, nuy, and onde9, And sauen al pe folk in londe."

555 Hose pis forbysene 10 con,

He may openliche i-seo bi pon

pat al pis ilke tokenynge

Is Godes in-siht, Almihti Kynge11.

Wip God pe Fader nis maked nouht", 560 porw God pe Sone is al ping wrouht,

And alle ping is folfuld13 out-riht

porw God pe Holigostes miht14.

I A. mihtifol, H. mekefulle. a A. and V. read, 'al je schulen hire wille done', which does not suit the context, and exhibits the false syntax of 'al je' for 'alle je'. H. gives the converse of this grammatical error, but has the right sense, 'alle here wyll I chull don', consistently with Fr., 'trestut son uoler ferai'. 3 A. weeden. * A. beden. 5 A. dom. • A. oujte. 7 V. chule. 8 A. driuen. 9 A. oonde. 10 A. forbisene: H. has this line thus:

Who so this afore bese con.

II For the construction compare — 'And in that Weye is the Tombe of Rachelle that was Josephes Modre the Patriarke'; Mandevile, p. 72. 'The kyngys doghtur of Sodam'; Emp. Oct., 1. 1097. 'This is launcelotts sheld delake1; Mort Arth. (Roxb. Cl.), p. 21. " A. oujt, preceded by in erasure. 13 A. fulfild. 14 In H. these four lines are thus strangely metamorphosed :

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 25

And alle preo bep1 on, pouh hit be so, In one fulnesse and in no mo. 565 He jiuep his blessynge w* moup and honde To alle pat pis writ vnderstonde 2.

5e habbep i-herd, as Ich ow3 tolde, For-whi God pe world maken wolde, And hou Adam for-les porw synne

570 World and heuene, and al mon-kynne, pat for mrjt4 ne strengpe ne for no ping No mon nedde of him-self a couryng; Ne angel mijte5 mon helpe on none wyse, Ne mon mijte5 hi-self fro depe aryse.

575 pene moste nede beo6 porw vche doom7 pat God of heuene mon bi-com; Mon pe dep polen porw serwen ryue, And God vp-rysen from dep to lyue: Elles were8 alle for-lore to nouht

580 pat God hedde in pe world i-brouht.

Herkenep 9 [whuch] 10 loue and boxunesse ' ', Whuch milce and eke swetnesse12, pat God from heuene [alihten]13 chees 14 For o [sele shepe]10 pat he lees: 585 [pe niti nine he leuede] 16 and code To sechen on in vncoup peode.

Fadur withoute God is maked nowght, Thorwgh God the Sone hath alle thing wrowght, And alle thyng hath fulled utryjht, Thorgh Good the Holygostes myjht.

1 A. beop. 3 A._ vndurstonde. 3 A. ou. 4 A. miht. 5 A. inihte bis. 6 A. be. 7 A. dom. 8 A. weore. 9 A. herknep. 10 A. and V. vchone; H. wheche. n A. boxunes. 12 A. swetnes. 13 A. and V. alihte and; H., to alyjht. 14 A. ches. 15 This is the reading of H. : A. and V. have mon. 16 A. and V. pritti jeer he liuede : H. has this couplet thus— His fadur blysse he leuede, and ther fro jeode To seche theke shepe in uncowthe }ode.

I have discussed this passage pretty fully in Pr., p. 63, but I may add, by way of accounting for the apparently strange reading of A. and V.,

26

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pene nis per such herde-mon non, Ne non so miutul ! lord as he is on. Whose* wolde his herte on such lord holde, 590 pat so muche loue hi kuipe wolde, pat lyk him-self wolde him make, And sipen dep poly en for his sake; Er him oujte pe herte to springe, pen he scholde hi wrappe for 3 eny pinge 4.

595 Herkenep now forpere atte froine

How5 vr Saueor6 wolde come.

To Abraham pe tipinges comen,

pe prophetes hit vnder-nomen 1 :

pat is, Moyses and Jonas, 600 Abacuk and Helyas,

Daniel and Jeremye,

Dauid and Ysaye8,

And Eliseu9 and Samuel,

Siggep Godes comynge wel. 605 Wonder hit were hem alle to telle,

Ac10 herkenep hou Ysaye con spelle.

a quotation from the Harrowing of Hell, MS. Bodl. Digby 86, fo. 1 Jesus is the speaker:

Hard(e) gates haul gon Serewes soffred moni hon pritti winter and half pritti jer Hani ben wend alende her.

(Alende = and lende = and dwelt.) I may also observe that in the second French text printed by the Caxton Society two lines of the six have dropped out, and the sense is marred accordingly: the other four, scarcely differing from those of Fr. 1, are— Ke deu du ciel descendi Pur sowaylle kil perdi. Nonante et ir [read ix.] ilessa Pur une quere sen ala.

1 A. mihtful. a A. hose. 8 A. in. * H. reads these two lines thus: Sore he awght his handys to wrynge, That this Lord wold greve for enythyng.

5 A. hou. * A. sauiour. 7 A. vndur-nomen. 8 A. Isaye. ' V. Elisen. See Gloss. 10 A. ak.

jur,

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 27

PUER NAT' E' NOB' FILIU' DAT' EST NOBIS.

"A child per is i-boren to vs,

And a sone i-jeuen vs,

pat schal vp-holden his kynedome *, 610 And al pus schal ben his nome, —

Wonderful 2 God, and of miht

And redeful3, and Fader ariht

Of al pe world pat her after schal ben 4 ;

Prince of Pees me schal him sen8." 615 peos bep6 pe nomen, as je mowe leeuen,

pat pe prophetes him jeeuen7.

5if je wolen 8 heren 9, tellen I chulle

How10 pat child is wonderfolle.

Such wonder nas neuer i-herd in11 sawe, 620 Ne neuer schal bi none dawe

For no tyme pat euer schal come,

As God of heuene mon bi-come.

For hose now i-seje heere 12

A child pat riht i-limed nere, 625 pat preo feet and preo honde beere,

And a-noper pat operweis weere13,

pat hedde foot or bond for-lore,

And heo weore bope so i-bore;

1 A. kyngdome. 2 A. wondnrful. 3 H. rewfull; but Fr. reads,

E son non nome serra.

Merueillus e coseillere.

4 See note on 1. 65. 5 A. seon. 6 A. beop. 7 A. Jeuen. 8 A. wole. 9 A. heeren. 10 A. hou. n H. ny, i. e. 'such wonder was never heard of nor seen', but saw = seen does not occur in this poem, if it does anywhere else, not to say that we should much more naturally say 'seen nor heard of than 'heard of nor seen'. The phrase in our text however is fully justified by the usage of early English writers. Compare for instance La}. Brut, vol. I, p. 284,

Wo ihorde euere segge^

a sa}e o]>er spelle. and again vol. Ill, p. 206,

Nses hit isseid nseuere.-*

an s<e\e no on Ieo3e. 13 A. here. 13 A. were.

28 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

Weoren1 heo wonderfol*, peose two? 630 Nay forsope neoren heo no;

For pe on hedde kuynde ouer mep, And pat oper to luyte8, and so hit gep. Ac* hit is as hit mot nede ben, Of vn-mete5 kuynde a forschipte streon8.

635 Ak pat mihte muche wonder ben, 3if me mijte7 eny i-seon pat monnes kuynde hedde al ariht, pat hi neore to luite ne to muche wiht, So pat he were8 al sopfast mon,

640 pat no forschippyng weore hi on, And eke were8 good hors w* alle; Such ping may neuer bi-falle. For hose seje a such gederyng, He mihte hit clepe a wonder ping.

645 And jit is more wonder a pousend folde Of pe child pat Ysayje9 of tolde, And clepede hf wonderful10 for pon, pat he is sop God and sop mon. For of monhede ne wontep hi nouht,

650 And porw him is alu ping i-wrouht; And wip-outen [synne he is]13 euere, For wone [therof]13 dude he neuere;

1 A. weore. * A. wonderful. 3 A. luitel. 4 A. ak. * A. vn-mee 6 Fr. puts this more briefly:

Merueillus nierent ia nomez

Mes in/i^trcs soient apelez. "When did monster in this sense first become an English word?

7 A. mihte. 8 A. weore bis. 9 A. Ysaye. 10 A. wondurfol. 11 A. alle. 12 So H.: A. and V. him is synne. l3 So H., and Fr. has the phrase 'en defaute', where I suspect the translator took en for the pronoun, and intended to convey the meaning that 'the defect or fault of it (i. e. of sin) he never committed'. But either I quite misunderstand the original, or he misunderstood it, as I think he did in the place to which lines 653, 654 allude, (see 1. 228 of our text, and the note on 1. 240). The French here runs thus:

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 29

Ne no schaft porw him mijte 1 lees,

As bi-foren i-rad wes. 655 Oper God nis pen he p* heuene dihte

pat from heuene dude alihte,

And vnder2 vre wede vre kynde3 nom,

And al sop-fast mon bi-com.

And whon he wolde alles bi-come mon, 660 He moste be4 boren of a wommon,

pulke schaft to vnderfonge5 wip-alle

pat oujte to monnes kynde3 bi-falle.

Plus merueille est nul itant La grant nierueille del enfant. Ke ysaie ad nuncie 550 Kest uerrais ho e uerrai de. Dumanite ne li faut rien E kil est plein deu co ueu bie. Par lui tute riens est fet E sanz li nule rien nest. 555 Kar en defaute nest pas fet Com auant uous ai retret. Autre deu nest nul for li Ki en terre descend! E de suz autre vesture 560 Pleinement pn'st la nature. De la nostre humanite E deuint home en uerite.

subject here treated of is the deity of Christ in conjunction with s humanity. 'Of humanity he lacks nothing, and that he is very God, hat we see well. By him every thing is made, and without him nothing s.' Then come two lines which our translator expands into four (651 o 654), and which he takes to refer to the sinlessness of Christ. The ouplet seems to me to be rather a parenthesis on the glory and com- >leteness of the creation — 'for it was not made defective (or, faulty) as have above reminded you': (see 11. 101 to 109 of our text). — As to the Jierof in this line, for the metre it seems almost indispensable. We may >ossibly scan

For | wone | dude | he neuere

vhich would be perhaps the worst line in the poem; but it is much •etter thus :

For wone | therof | dude | he neuere.

1 A. mihte. 2 A. vndur. 3 A. kuynde bis. 4 A. beo. 5 A. ndurfonge.

30

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

God nolde alibte in none mancre1

But in feir stude and in* clere*; G65 In feir stude and clene siker hit wes,

per God almihti his in ches:

In a Castel wel comeliche,

Muche and feir and loueliche;

pat is pe Castel of alle flour, 670 Of solas and of socour.

In pe mere he stont bi-twene two,

Ne hap he ferlak for* no fo;

For pe tour is so wel wip-outen,

So depe5 i-diched al abouten, 675 pat none kunnes asaylyng

Ne may him deruen for no ping6.

He stont on heij roche and sound,

And is i-planed i-to pe ground,

pat per ne maiT wone non vuel8 ping, 680 Ne derue no gynnes9 castyng.

And pauj 10 he be n so loueliche,

He is so dredful and hateliche

To alle pulke pat ben his fon,

pat heo flen 12 hi euerichon. 685 [Foure] smale toures [per] bep abouten 1J

To witen pe heije tour wip-outen.

1 A. maneere. 3 A. omits in. 3 A. cleere. 4 A. of. 5 A. deope. 6 H. reads this couplet —

That no maner asaylyng

Ne may him harme for no thyng.

See note on 1. 855. 7 A. may. 8 A. euel. ' A. ginnes. pauh. " A. beo. 13 A. fleon. This is one of the few passages in •which H. has preserved older forms than A. and V., having flelh for flen in this line and beth for ben in the preceding. But the sense in II. i.- sadly mangled, or rather utterly destroyed. The lines stand thus:

And eke hit is so levelych,

So dredfull and comlyche

To alle tho that beth his foon,

That thei fleth him everichon. " A. and V. read—

For smale toures paf bep (A. beop) abouten;

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 31

Seppe beop pre l Bayles wip-alle So feir i-diht w* strong walle As heo beop here-after i-write; 690 Ne may2 no mon pe feirschipe i-wite,

Ne no tonge ne may hit telle, *

Ne poujt3 penche, ne moup spelle.

On trust!4 roche heo stondep faste,

And wip depe5 diches bep6 bi-caste. 695 And pe camels so stondep vp-riht,

Wei i-planed and feir i-diht.

Seue berbicans per beop i-wrouht,

Wip gret ginne7 al bi-pouht,

And euerichon hap jat and tour: 700 per neuer ne faylep socour.

Neuer schal fo him stonde wip

pat pider wol flen8 to sechen grip.

pis Castel is siker and feir abouten,

And is al depeynted w*-outen 705 Wip preo heowes p* wel bep6 sene;

So is pe foundement al grene,

pat to pe roche faste lip9.

Wel is pat per murpe i-sihp;

For pe greneschipe lastep euere, 710 _And his heuh10 ne leosep11 neuere.

Seppen abouten pat oper12 heuj13

So14 is inde and eke bleu:

but H. in reading foure and tlier is confirmed by Fr., Enuirun ad qwatre tureles En tut le mud ni a sibeles,

that is, 'Environ il a quatre tourelles: dans tout le monde il n'y a pas de si belles.'

1 A. preo. 2 A. mai. 3 A. pouht. 4 The Fr. has 'on the natural rock' — sur roche naiue. 3 A. deope. 6 A. beop bis. 7 A. gynne. 8 A. fleon. 9 A. lyp. 10 A. heu}. n H. lesseth: Fr., pert; see note 14. 12 A. opur. 13 A. heuh. 14 To see the force of this so we must quote the French.

605 Li chasteaus est bel ebon De hors depeint enuiron.

32 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pat pe middel heuj ' we clepep ariht, And schynep so feire and so brijt3.

715 pe pridde heuj an* ouemast « Ouer-wrijep al and so is i-cast

pat wip-innen and wip-outen pe castel lihtep al abouten, And is raddore pe euere eny rose schal*,

720 pat punchep as hit barnde al5.

De .III. colurs diuersement

Si est uert le fundement.

Ei a la roche se ioint 610 De grant docour ni faut point.

Ear cele douce uerdour

Ne pert iames sa colour.

La colur kest enrui lui

Si rest e ynde. e blni. That is to say, just as the green 'never loses its colour', so the colour that occupies the middle place 'm like manner remains' an unfading blue, of which there are two shades, a darker and a lighter.

1 A. heu. a A. briht. 8 An, which is the reading of all the au thorities, seems to be = on, which we have in 1. 789. For an in this sense see 1. 1488 and Coleridge's Glossarial Index. Ouemast is evidently overmost, if we had such a word, so that the phrase clearly means 'on top'. (We might, were it not for line 789, take this ouemast as an ad jective, as ovemest is given in the Gloss. Ind. Then an will be = and, as often in Early English, — for example

Even an morne both ar thay wroght,

Towneley Mysteries, p. 2, — and as un for unde frequently in Old Saxon, — for example (Rein, de Fos, p. 1)

— men de wolde un felde sag Grone stan mid luv un gras, Un niannig fogel frolik was Mid sange in hagen unde up bomen. But of an in this sense our poem has no second instance.)

4 Schal = shall be, see Glossary. 6 The French of these six lines La tierce colur par enson Les karneaus coure euiron. Plus est uermaille quo nest rose 620 E piert vne ardante chose. Tant reflambeie enuiron Ee tut conere le dongon.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 33

Wip-inne pe Castel is whit schinynge *, So2 pe snow}3 pat is sneuwynge4, And castep pat lijt5 so wyde After-long6 pe tour and be-syde, 725 pat neuer comep per wo ne wouj7, Ac swetnesse per is euere i-nouj8.

Amidde pe hei^e tour is sprigynge9 A welle pat euere is eornynge Wip foure stremes pat strikep wel, 730 And ernep10 vppon pe grauel,

And fullep pe diches a-boute pe wal; Muche blisse per is ouer-al, Ne dar he ' 1 seche non oper I2 leche, pat mai 13 riht of pis water u cleche.

735 In pulke derworpe feire tour

per stont a trone wip muche honour, Of whit iuori 15, and feirore of liht pen pe someres day whon hee 16 is briht l , Wip cumpas i-prowen and w1 gin al i-do.

740 Seuene steppes per18 beop per-to,

The enson here and in 1. 691 is, I suppose, the Latin in summo, so that par-en-son is a phrase closely analogous to par-a-mount, par-a-vail, par- a-vant, par-de-hors, and other such. — Uermaille and tant — sic in MS.: Mr. Cooke prints merveille and la/nt.

1 A. schininge. 3 A. as. 3 A. snowh. 4 A. sneujwynge. 5 A. liht. 6 A. afturlong. 7 A. wouh. 8 A. i-nouh. 9 A. sprTginge. 10 A. eornep. u V. dar he, A. par him, the more usual expression. H. paraphrases thus:

That man nedeth non other leche.

12 A. opur. 13 A. may. 14 A. watur. 15 A. yuori. 16 A. he. 17 In the French of this line, and of 1. 629, for un read mi. Ken mi leste = qu'en mi(lieu de) Tete, enmi being a word of similar forma tion to parmi, and found elsewhere though not given by Cotgrave nor (as one word, which it really is) by Kelham. One other instance is in Wright's L. P. p. 65,

Mon ostel est en mi la vile de Paris. 18 A. omits per.

c

34 CASTEL OFF LODE.

pat so feire w' ordre i-tijed1 beop, Feiror ping in world no mon seop; For heuene-bouwe is aboaten i-bent, Wip alle pe hewes pat him bep* i-sent. 745 Neuere so feir chayjere Nedde kyng ne emperere.

Muche more feirschupe* i-nouj per wes4

per God Almijten bis in ches;

pene nis per such a5 Castel non, 750 Ne neuer nas bat pulke on6,

Ne neuer eft after7 be ne schal,

For God of heuene hit dihte 8 al,

And wroujte 9 hit hi self and al dude

To alihten in pulke feyre10 stude. 755 From his kindam" aboue

He cudde12 pe stude muche loue.

pis is pe Castel of loue and lisse Of solace, of socour, of joye, and blisse, Of hope, of hele, of sikernesse, 760 And ful of alle swetnesse.

pis is pe Mayden [bodi] 1S so freo :

1 A. i-ty|ed; H. i-joyned; Fr. simply cochez, i. e. couches. ' A. beop. 3 A. feirschipe. 4 There is something wrong here: Fr. has — Assez plus beaute auoit.

6 A. and H. a, which V. omits. 6 V. and H. on, A. al on. aftur. 8 A. made. 9 A. wrouhte. 10 A. feire. " A. kyngdom. 18 A. kudde. " A. and V. omit this word: H. has 'the maydons body', and Fr., Cest le cors de la pucele.

And compare 1. 55. The omission of the genitive termination to mayden is justified by the expression in 11. 55, 959, and several others in this poem. One or two other instances are — 'his fadur blysse' (see note on 1. 585); 'for Marie love', Piers PI. Vis., 1. 883; 'in Arthur dayes', Roxb. Cl. Morte Arthur, p. 1 ; 'on launcelot landys1, ib. p. 80; 'Gawayne strengtbe gan to in crese', ib. p. 93; 'his sostcr sone', ib. p. 103; 'tbe vicount* londes', Halliwell's Morte Arthur, p. 265;

And in the levedy hert hyt felle

That was the knyght that ho loved wel,

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 35

[per] l neuer nas non 2 bote heo

pat wip so fele3 pewes4 i- warned wes,

So8 pat swete Mayden6 Marie wes.

765 Heo stont in pe mere bi-twene two, [pat] T heo schilde vs alle from vre fo pat vs awaytep day and niht: Heo vs helpep wip al hire niiht.

pe roche pat is so trewe and trusti, 770 pat is pe Maydenes 8 herte, for-pi pat neuer synne per-wMnne com, Ac9 heo to seruen God al hire nom 10, And wuste hire w* muche boxunesse Hire maidenhod wip swetnesse.

775 pe foundemet p* faste to pe roche lijp11, And pe feire greneschipe per-wip,

Seven Sages, 1.2834; 'the emperour sone', ib. 1.3371; 'in hur fadur pavylon', Emp. Oct. (Hall.), 1.1045; 'to make hys modur pees', ib. 1. 1644 ;

I know not an a

from the wynd-mylne,

ne a b from a bole foot,

Wright's Pol. Poems and Songs, vol. II, p. 57 ; and of Roberte the Deuylle we are told, p. 8,

- hys teeth grewe so peryllouslye That the noryshe nypples he bote away.

Numerous other examples are such as — helle pyne, helle Jates, hevene riche, hevene blis, hevene riche blisse (Piers PL Vis., 1. 54), hevene quene, herte bote, herte gleem: expressions which have perhaps a fair claim to be termed compound nouns.

1 A. and V. pat: H. has,

Ther never noon bote hoe. The French is,

Onkes autre not for cele, i. e. il n'y cut jamais <fec.

2 A. non. 3 A. feole. * Fr. has,

Ke de tant uerluz feust garnie.

6 A. as. 6 A. maide. 7 So H.: A. and V. om. 8 A. maidenes. a A. ak. 10 H. alle here hert shoe nome, but the Fr. is —

Mes a deu seruir se print. Compare 1. 959. u A. lyp.

C2

36 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

[pat is]1 pe Maydenes3 bi-leeue1 so riht, pat hap al hire bodi i-liln. For hire bi-leeue4, pl is so trewe, 780 pat euere is grene and euere5 newe; For bi-leeue 6 is apertement Of alle vertues7 foundement.

Of pe middel heuj 8 is to wite pe swetnesse and pe feirschipe. 785 pat is pe bi-tokenyng:

[pat]9 in goode 10 hope, as so jong ping, [Heo]9 was so bisy u in swetnesse To seruen God in boxumnesse ".

pe pridde heuj and pe on n ouemast, 790 pat hap oueral his liht i-cast,

1 So H.: A. and V. om. The French reads thus:

Le fundemet auant nome

Cit (sic MS.) ka la roche est ferine.

Ki est depeint a colur

De se tresbele verdur.

Cest la foi de la uirgine

Ke sun seint qtior illumine.

* A. maydens. 3 A. beleeue. 4 A. bi-leue. 5 A. adds is. 'So H.: A. and V. read 'hire bi-leeue1. The original translator is hardly likely to have missed the meaning of words so plain as —

Kar foi est apertement

De tutes uertuz fundemet;

where the learned bishop doubtless referred not to the Maiden's faith in particular, but to faith generally, just as Wiclif says in the beginning of his Credo, "It is sooth that bileue is grounde of alle vertues". 7 A. vertuwes. 8 A. heuh. 9 These words, which A. and V. omit, are supplied from H. That they are necessary is evident from the pas sage itself, and from the French which runs thus :

E puis est la meine colur

De si tres bele doucour.

Cest la signefiance

Ee od tendrur en esperance.

Serui tut tens son seignor

En humilite e en doucor.

"And next is the middle colour, of such sweet beauty. This is the meaning: that with steadfastness (?) in hope she ever served her lord in humility and gentleness." 10 A. gode. " A. bisi. '* A. buxomnesse. 13 So V. and H.: A. omits on. See note on 1. 715.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 37

And as pauj hit barnde al hit is, (Nis non of so muche pris;) pat is pe clere loue and briht pat heo is al wip i-liht, 795 And i-tent wip pe fair of loue To serue God pat is hire aboue.

pe foure smale toures abouten pat [witep]1 pe heije tour w^outen, Foure hed pewes p* aboute hire i-seop, 800 Foure vertues 2 cardinals 3 [pat] * beop ;

1 A. and V. wip: H.

That kepyn the hie toure withowtyn. That H. has preserved the true sense is self-evident. And Fr. has,

Les qwatre tureles en haut

Ki gard&nt la tur dasaut <fec.

Comp. also 11. 808 and 825. 2 A. vertuwes. 3 I believe I am right in as serting that in Early English an adjective takes a plural termination in es only when placed after its noun, as here; and in Early English Poems, p. 43,1. 15, 'preo wateres principals \ Other instances are Chaucer's phrase, which every body knows,

Yet sawgh I brente the schippes hoppesteres,

Knight's Tale. Near the beginning of The Persones Tale we read: 'Many ben the wayes espirituels that leden folk to oure Lord Jhesu Christ, and to the regne of glorie '. Further on in the same Tale we read ' thinges espiritueks' ; and in the Tale of Melibseus, 'goodes tempor 'ales' and'cawses materiales\ In Wright's Political Poems and Songs, vol. II, p. 161, we read —

the wolle of Englonde

Susteyneth the comons Fflemmyngis, I understonde. In Maundevile, p. 82, we have: 'and in this Templum Domini weren somtyme Chanouns Reguleres'; in p. 125: 'for they have noon Companye, and other many Caitses resonables'; in p. 181: 'aftre this I have gon toward the parties meridionales" ; and in p. 92 : 'in the Mount Syon weren buryed Kyng David and Kyng Salomon, and many othere Kynges Jewes of Jerusalem', where I take the liberty of omitting the comma which the editor puts after Kynges, as the phrase seems pretty evidently to mean Jewish Kings. But the adjective even after the noun is far more com monly used without this sign of the plural, as 'nonnes Cristene', 're- questes resonable', <fec. The only instance that I have noticed in which an adjective used predicatively has the plural in es is in Chaucer's Tale of Sir Thopas, Of romaunces that ben reales,

Of popes and of cardinales.

4 A. and V. per, H. thei, neither of which can be the true reading, to which 1. 827 helps us at once.

38 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

IT pat is, strengpe and sleihschupe l, Rihtfulnesse and worschupe3, Eu«richon w* a jat w* ginne, pat may non vuel3 come per-inne

805 And whuche beop [pe]4 preo5 bayles jet, pl w* pe camels bep6 so wel i-set, And i-cast w1 cupas and walled aboute, pat witep pe heije tour wip-outen? H Bote pe inemaste7 bayle, I wot,

810 Bi-toknep hire holy maidenhod

pat neuer for no ping i-worsed nas, So ful of Godes grace heo was.

pe middel bayle, pat wite je

Bi-toknep hire holy chastite. 815 And seppen pe [outemaste]8 bayle

Bi-toknep hire holy sposayle.

Riht me clepep hem bayles for-pi,

pat heo habbep pis ladi in hire Bayli,

pat hire-self one makeles 820 Is mayden chast and weddet wes.

porw on of peos bayles he mot teon,

pat wol on ende i-borwed beon.

pe seue 9 [berbicans] 10 abouten,

P* w* gret gin beon i-wroujt11 w'-outen

1 A. sleihschipe. 8 A. worschipe. 3 A. enel. 4 So H. , and the French is, 'les trois bailies <fec.' 5 A. pre. • A. beop. 7 Fr.,

Cele a la plus haut estage.

• A. and V. ouemaste: H. otmast. Fr., la foreine bailie. Oufmaste could only mean the highest, which would be the innermost. See the preceding note. 9 A. seuene. 10 A. and V. camels: n. barbacanes. Compare 11. 695 and 697, and the French —

E les barbekanes set

Ki hors des bailies siit fet.

Moreover 'barbicans' really are outworks, as required by the next line; but 'camels', Fr. 'kerneaus', are nothing of the sort: see Glossary. 11 A. i-wrouht.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 39

825 And witep pis Castel so wel Wip arwe and wip qwarel, pat bep l pe seuen virtues w* winne To ouercome pe seuen dedly sinne: 1F pat is, pruide, pe biginnynge 830 And pe roote2 of al vuel3 pinge4, Al maat and ouer-comen wes porw boxumnes5 pat heo ches; IF And hire trewe loue ouercom envye;

And hire abstinence6, glotonye; 835 IF And lecherye7 heo made fle

porw8 hire holy chastite; H And al9 was distruyed10 couetyse porw hire largesse in vche wyse; IF And euere wrappe heo ouer-com 840 porw mekenesse pat heo nom; IF And hire gostliche gladynge

Destruyed11 sleupe porw alle pfge.

pe welle springep of alle grace pat fullep pe diches i vche a place.

845 Godes grace to-delep pis

porw meth wip-al as his wille is; Ac 12 he louede so pis mayden a-plijt 13, pe folle 14 of grace he hire jaf out-riht, porw15 whom pe grace pat ouer-fleot

850 Socourep al pe world jut.

For-pi me may hire riht clepe and calle, "O blessed Ladi ouer opere16 alle!"

And what mowe pe dyches be But hire polemode pouerte,

1 A. beop. For ]>at bep = ce sont or das sind compare Ancren Riwle, p. 10 : pet beoff, also he seide, pe go? &c. 2 A. rote. 3 A. euel. 4 As biginnynge is either the nom. or ace. in 1. 829, it is clearly impossible that the final e should be sonnded; and therefore the final e ottynge must not be pronounced. Comp. 11.841, 842, where gladynge is a nom. 5 A. buxumnes. 6 A. abstin- nence. 7 A. lecherie. 8 V. pou}. 9 V. was. 10 A. distruijet. u A. dis- trui}ed. " A. ak. 13 A. apliht. 14A. fulle. 15 A. porwb. » A. opur.

40 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

855 pat nones ' kunes assaylyng

Ne may* derue pe tour for no ping; porw whom pe fend is ouer-comen, And his miht al by-nomen*.

For pis is pe ladi so gent and fre 860 p* God seide of to pe neddre on pe tre,

1 A. no. n. changes this line into

Ther was no mon-kynnes assaylyng, as 1. 675 is metamorphosed into

That no maner asaylyng; instead of pat none kunnes asaylyng.

Onr present idiom is 'no kind of assault'; but the literal meaning of the expression in our text is so clear (namely 'assault of no kind'), and this use of kunnes so common, that it is strange that the writer of H. should have found it necessary to adopt another phrase. His having done so seems little consistent with the supposition that that text be longs to the early part of the fourteenth century. With the nones kunnet before us we may compare

on ai}es cunnes wisen

in Laj. Br. iii, p. 23, (rendered by Sir F. Madden 'in wise of any kind1); monies kunnes folc, ib. i, 73; a sumes kinnes wisen, ib. i, 168; on atlchtt cunnes wise, ib. i, 344; ones kunnes iweden, ib. iii, 207. But more com monly the adjective drops the genitive termination, though this still heres to the noun ; as in the none kunnes of 1. 675. With this comf the/a/e kunnes of Laj. Br. i, 111, second text; many kynnes places, Pie Ploughman's Vision, p. 152; othere kynnes men, ib. p. 177; Wei Jerne he him bipoute Hou he hire gete moute In ani cunnes wise, MS. Bodl. Digby 86, fol. 165; alkyns trees, Halli well's Morte Arthur, p. 271; what kyns schappe, Rob. of Brunne's Chron., Prol., 1. 155. Tl form no kynnes which A. has in the present passage, is found also Early Engl. Poems, VI. 24, and Judic. p. xiii:

When thai me smote I stud stilly: agans thaym did I nokyns grefe But not infrequently the noun also dropped the case-termination, and accordingly we find feole kane in La}. Br., i, p. Ill, first text; wyth kyn welthe, Emp. Oct. (Hall.), 1. 200; as also,

We love the Lord in alkyn thyng, Jtid. p. xx; and in Townel. Myst. p. 23,

With the shal no man fyght, nor do the no kyn wrake. Other forms are moni kunne, allirkin, this kin, what kin. 3 A. mai. • A. bi-nomen.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 41

p* per scholde come a womon [blyue] \

pat scholde al his pouste2 to-dryue3.

I-blessed beo pis buyrde 4 of prys 5,

pat ouer al opere i-blessed is; 865 pat so feir was and good so sone6

pat of hir bodi r God made his trone

To his owne8 gistenynge,

And nomflesch and blood9 of hire, to brige

His folk out of prisou : 870 pat was vre garysoun10.

pis ladi is feir and good and fre11, Whon heo 12 hap so muche boute , More pen eny schaft pat wes; For-pi pe rihtwys sone 13 hire ches, 875 And schadewede on hire in wolde14, And feirede hir lo more a pousend folde.

1 So H., and so the rhyme demands: A. and V. blipe. There is no corresponding word in Fr. 2 Here H. in reading hed is nearer to the French, which is,

Kune femme venderoit Ke tut son chief qwasseroit.

3 A. to-driue. 4 A. buirde. 5 A. pris. 6 A. soone. 7 H. soule. 8 A. oune. 9 A. blod. 10 A. garisoun. u A. omits and fre. 12 A. he. 13 H., the sonne of ryjhtwesnes, which agrees better with the

French :

Meis qwont li solaus de droiture.

Denz son seint cors enumbrat

Mil itant embeli lad. 14 This wolde (which = power) H. turns into the auxiliary verb :

And on heere when he shadowe wolde,

as Mandevile (Prol.) writes: 'and there he wolde of his blessednesse enounibre him in the seyd blessed and gloriouse Virgine Marie.' It seerns however as if the original translator, whose words the writer of H. misunderstood and forsook, has in this instance rightly recognized the bishop's scriptural allusion in enumbrat (see preceding note), and, to complete his rhyme, had recourse to the gospel narrative to help him out. The words of St. Luke in Jerome's version are: 'Et respondens angelus dixit ei, Spiritus sanctus superveniet in te, et virtus altissimi obwnbrabit (= Grk. fmaxniaa') tibi; ideoque et quod nascetur sanctum vocabitur filius dei' (Lu. 1, 35). 15 A. hire.

42 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

porw1 pe faste fat he con in teo, And at pe out-jong he lette faste beo'. How8 so fat was, beo we stille, 880 For of alle ping God may don his wille.

A derworpe qween4! so get and fre,

pat helpep alle pat fleop to pe,

Mi soule is come to pe for nede',

pat at pi jate bat and loude dop grede; 885 Bat and gredep and loude gon crye',

"Help me swete Mayden 7 Marie :

Vndo, Ladi; I pe bi-seche

pou let me a luitel cleche

Of pulke [grace] 8 pat alle frouere, 890 pat gostliche beop in herte pouere9.

"Lo hou I am bi-set heer-oute

Wip my preo fon 10 al abonte ; T pe fend11 p* wip me fihtep euere, IT pe world, my flesch, heo ne statep neuere;

1 V. poaj, corrected by a later hand which inserted r. * Compare Ancren Riwle, p. 38 — 'pet ilke blissfule beam iboren of Sine clene bodie to moncunne hele wiftuten euerich bruche, mid ihol meidenhod, <fec.' The words in italic are correctly rendered by Mr. Morton in his note, 'sine omni ruptura'. 3 A. hou. * A. qwen. 5 A. neode. * A. cri} 7 A. maiden. 8 So H., though A. and V. omit this word. The Frenc of this passage runs thus:

Franche pucele reine

De refui forte fermine.

A toi est malme [sic MS.] venue

Ki a ta porte huche e hue.

Hue huche. e hue e crio

Duce dame. aie. aie.

Reine dame ourez ourez

Vn poi reposer me lessez.

De la grace que garit

Les poures en esperit.

9 'Beati pauperes spiritu', Matt. 5, 3 (Vulg.). 10 A. foon. In the Tal«

of Melibaeus also we have mention of the 'thre enemyes of mankynd*,

that is to say, thy flessche, the feend, and the world'; and in Ancren

Riwle, p. 196. " A. feond.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 43

895 Wip-outen eny mep on me heo fop1, Swipe gret harm heo me dop. Gret parlemet heo habbep i-nome2.

"pe fend3 furst is forp i-come2;

"Wip preo hostes he dep4 me gret wo — 900 Wip pruide, and wrappe, and sleupe also. IF pe world me hap w* two hostes bistode;

pat is wip couetyse and onde5.

And my flesch me fondep to spille

W* glotenye6 and wip vuel7 wille. 905 1 Gret wrappe 8 heo habbep to me i-nome :

I am as campion9 ouer-come.

But pou me helpe, mayde Marie,

Ichabbe10 i-lore pe maystrie11.

[pow pat art to alle febulle leche,

pow let me of py dyches cleche,] ia

per13 pe castel is faste and stable 910 And Charite is constable."

Of pis castel Ichabbe a luitel told, Ac more me mijte14 a pousend fold; For alle pe godschupes p* i pe world is, Out of pis Castel i-comen is. 915 IT porw pis laddre God heuene-[drihte] 15 From heuene in-to eorpe alihte,

1 A. foth. 2 These two lines are transposed in A. 8 A. feond. 4 A. dop. 5 H. gives this line thus:

That is with covetyse and hate he wold me fond. See Gloss., s. v. onde. 6 A. glotonye. 7 A. euel. 8 A. wappe. 9 A. campioun. 10 A. ich habbe. n A. maistrie. 13 So H., these two lines being omitted by A. and V. The French is — Si ta grace ne maie Tost aurai perdu la mestn'e. 815 Tu que fiebles redrescez Fai me poser au fossez. Ou li chastel est estable E charite rest conestable.

13 A. per per pe castel &c. 14 A. mihte. 1S A. and V. dihte: H., as in a multitude of other passages, modernizes into God Allmy\ht,

44 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

And nuin of hire his monhede porw whom he wrey1 his Godhede.

pis is pe jard8 pat berep pe flour, 920 pat maiden pat bar hire creatour. And pus pe child is i-boren8 to vs, And such a sone i-jeue to vs.

And nis he wonderful per-fore

Whon he is pus for vs i-bore? 925 So muche wonder nis of no pinge,

As two kuynden to-geder bringe4,

And pat eiper kuynde wip-alle

Habbe pat wole to heom5 bi-falle,

pat neuer nouper ne wonte no wiht, 930 Ac pat eiper habbe al his riht.

pat is Jhu Godes6 sone, p* fro heuene to eorpe wolde come To saujte7 his sustren p* were8 to-boren, And dilyueren9 pe prison p* was forloren. 935 Two kuynden he hap, we wite bi pon, pat he is sop God and sop mon10.

Bi-hold now mon to Godes miht, And his deden hou heo beop diht; p* pu a-boute noujt 1 1 fer se, 940 Ac13 bi-hold hou boxum he wolde be pat he wolde be13 boren of womon And for vre sake bi-comen mon. And seppen be-hold hou he vs redep, And in-to sauete vs ledep,

1 A. wreyh: H. kend. * Compare Wiclifs rendering of Hebr. 9. 4, 'the \erde of aaron that florischid'. 8 A. boren, without t-. 4 A. brynge. "To-geder bringe" here and in 1. 990 for "to-geder to bringe". For the to omitted where another to almost immediately precedes, see Gloss., s. v. To. H. gives "in oon to bryng". s A. hem. 6 A. Goddes. 7 A. sauhten. 8 A, weore. 9 A. deliuren. 10 The translator has here omitted 68 of the French. » A. nouht. " A. ak. 13 A. beo.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 45

945 On ful swete man ere and on non opur. And seip pus to vs: "Leue bropur1, I seo2 pe mis-lyken and al for-jemed3, And out of pin owne4 lond i-flemed5; And pou seost wel pat for no ping

950 pow 6 hast of pi self no keueryng. IT Ne beo pou in wonhope non, AcT ful siker pou beo per-on; 2>if pu wole me loue and vnderstode 8, I chul pe bringe in-to pin owne9 londe.

955 1 Ententyfliche 10 pou herken u to me, And do pat ich12 comaude pe13.

"Mi jok is softe i-nowh14 to weren, And my burpene15 lijt16 i-nouh to beren. To Merci bi-houe I am al i-nome, 960 And pus I am for pe i-come; And Ich12 pe rede pou suwe me: I chulle 1T pe batayle nyme for pe. IT To pie I chulle pis princes 18 hauen,

1 A. broper. 2 A. se. 3 A. for-jemet. * A. oune. 5 A. i-flemet. 6 A. pou. 7 A. ak. 8 A. vndurstonde. 9 A. oune. 10 A. ententi- fliche. » A. herkne. 12 A. I bis. 13 The French of this passage, which is very inaccurately printed in the Caxton Society's edition, is as

follows :

E si uous dit beaudoz frere.

Jo te uoi ci esgarez

De tun pais eissilez. 925 E si ueez apertement

Ke par toi nas recouremet.

Ne soiez ia en desperance

Ne de co naiez dotance.

Ke si crerre nie uoillez 930 Tun heritage tut aurez.

Oez moi tut sulernent

E fetes mon comandement.

14 A. i-nouh. 15 A. burpen. 16 A. liht. 17 A. chul. 18 'This princess' is doubtless Mercy; but the translator has here quite misread ar misunderstood the original, which is,

Primes por toi voil pleider 940 E ton droit uoil chalanger.

46

CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

"And pi rihte I chulle crauen; 965 For I chain 1 of pi lynage : I may crauen pin heritage. IT And Icham ' of freo nacion : Me oujte3 i-here my reson. And Ichabbe i-wust w* wynne8 970 pe preo lawen w^outen synne. IT For pe I challe to4 batayle wende, [And]5 siker beo pu of ful good ende, For I chulle an ende ouercome pl fiht, And to-dreynen al pi riht.

975 Ne darstou on erpe 6 pechen r elles nouht ', But God and pi euecriste 9 to loue i trewe

poujt."

Lord, wjuch I0 freschipe ' ' ! hose nome jeme ; Who he p1 welde 12 al pig and al mai deme, Vs schewed13 such freschip11 and swetnes, 980 And a forbysne of boxumnes M.

Ac pulke forbisne18 me luitel tellep to, And selden i pe world i-seje ne jore hap do18.

1 A. / am (with an erasure after the 7) bis. * V. oute. s A. wii 4 A. pe. 5 So H. : A. and V. for. In Fr. there is no conjunction: Pur toi prendrai la bataille Sauerez bone detinaille.

6 A. eorpe. 7 A. peken. 8 A. noujt. • A. euen cristne. whuch. " A. fredschip bis. 13 A. walde. 13 Other uncontracted preterites in which the final -e is dropped will be found in 11. 1266 (V.I 1270, and 1388. See Gloss, s. v. And-last. u A. boxunnes. forbysne: H. reads —

And theke bysenes me lytull tellit to, And sylden in the world this vertu is do. The French of this passage stands thus in the MS.: Deu. qu£U docur quen franchise Kant cil ki tute rien iustise. Tant BUS uiustrad aiuistez E ensantnple de huuiilitez. 955 Hes cele ensauip est poi tenue £ trop reument el mund veue.

19 So A. and V., but at least as to the number of syllables H. the best reading in this line.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 47

For pe worldlich1 mon euere i-liche Louep pig pat is worldliche, 985 H Acpe gost of charite and of polemodnesse2 Louep euer goodschipe 3 and boxumnesse 4. IF For whon to pe world hi jeuep 5 pe mon, And pe worldes good hf waxep on, He ne pekep on God, ne no oper pynge6 990 Bote worldes catel to-geder bringe7. If And who pe catel hap pe maystrie8 alast, [Hit]9 is in his cofre bi-loke so fast, pat al he bi-comep ouergart proud, And mis-dop his neijebors hope stille10 and

loud11.

995 No ping ne wilnep he largesse, But lordschupe and heijnesse ; pe forbysne 12 of boxunesse 13 i-wys u Al porw pruyde 15 forjeten is. 1F peose ne mowen Jhc suwen wip, 1000 For heore dede al to-lyth 16,

Ne his red ne leeuep heo noujt. Whi pene wolde heo wilnen oujt

1 So A. and V., while H. is for once more accurate and appends the final e — worldlyche. 2 A. polmodnes. 3 A. godschipe. 4 A. boxunes. 5 A. jiuep. 6 A. opur pige. 7 See note on 1. 926. 8 A. maistrie. 9 H. hit, A. and V. p* hit. 10 A. stil. " The French of these four lines is —

Kant auoir ad la mestrie Si ferm enz ses laz le lie. Kil deuient fier e orgoillos E a ses ueisins surfeitus.

That is to say — "quand la richesse a la preeminence, elle le lie si fsrine- ment dans ses lacs, qu'il devient &c." The second of these lines our translator has evidently not understood, and his rendering is both in exact and in our MSS. ungrammatical. H. reads thus: And when worldly godys ban the mastri, Hit maketh mon so rebell and hye, That he waxeth wonder prowde, &c.

'* H. vertu. 1S A. buxomnes. 14 A. i-wis. 15 A. pruide. 16 So A. and V., not typ: compare 11. 491, 895, and 1043.

48 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

Of heritage in his kyndom ', pauj he in batayle pe pie bi-won, 1005 Whon heo dop al pl he for-bat*, And no pig dop of pat he hat, Ac euer sechep pride and heijnesse, Ne biddep* heo noujt of boxanesse?4

For-pi5 Lucifer, as }e habbep herd telle, 1010 Fel fro heuene a-doun to helle;

And also I drede heo scholde an ende, pulke pat suche yverk.es dop, after hi wende*. Ac7 I ne sigge hit not for8 pon pat mai9 ful wel eueriche goodemon

1 A. kindom. 2 A. for-bad, but the present tense is evidently c( rect: see Fr. quoted below. 3 A. kepep; H. loveth: see below, these ten lines let us compare first the French original, and then reading of H.

Icous ihesum ne siwent mie Kar lur fet les contralie. 975 Son conseil ne uoillent crere E coment doncs par quel affere. Voillent cil riens demander Ne del heritage deu aueir. Kant il[s] funt quankil defent 980 E despisent co kil aprent. Ne uoillent rien dumiliance Mes reuilen la deu pussance. And now H., pp. 43, 44.

Thes synnes mow not Crist sue, For thei beth of evyll vertue : And whos his vertu levyth nowght, Whi shuld he wyllen owght Of his eritage in his kyndome, That he thorgh plee and bataylle wone; And ever ajeyns his byddyng woll do, And ajeyns here soulys allso; And ever secheth prude and hienesse, And loveth nothyng bucsomnesse. 8 A. perfore. 6 Here n. inserts — But >••!' thei hem amende Of that that they dude God afende. 7 A. ak. 8 See Glossary. » A. may. 10 A. god mon.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

1015 Habbe gret lordschupe1 and heijnesse, Castels, and toures, and gret richesse, And may2 [wel don]3 andGodes willeholde, And libbe God to queme wel jif he wolde; IT 5if he ly uep 4 i [loue] 5 and i boxunesse 6,

1020 In sopschupe and in rihtwysnes.

For God wilnep no pig on eorpe her7, But al mones herte w* trewe loue and cler.

Nou8 mihte9 su mon asken pus:

Hou wolde God plede for vs? 1025 Hou 10 he eny batayle nom,

And won vre rijte11 and a fend ouer-com?

Lustnep penne to me nou,

And I chulle ow tellen hou.

po JhesuGodes sone in pe world was i-bore, 1030 So stille and derne he was pe fend fore,

pat he of his come riht noujt nuste,

[Ac]12tobeolord and syre jit euere he truste,

As he hedde ben ; ac his mint was bi-nome,

po p* Jhesu was i-bore and i-to pe world

i-come. 1035 Wel pe fend hi seij 13 in mones weeden,

Ac he nuste l4 what he was, ne wjuch were

his dede.

He hi seij la wel mon, and16 i-come of

mokune,

Ac1T euere i pe world he liuede wip-oute

sine 18.

1 A. lordschipe. 2 A. mai. 3 A. and V. welden: H.,

And may jet Goddis wylle don and holde.

4 A. liueth. 5 A. and V. londe; H. and Fr. charite. 6 A. boxumnes. 7 A. heer. 8 H. how. 9 A. mijte. 10 A. how. " A. rihte. 12 A. and V. as ; H. but : Fr. has, Meis quidout par tot seignurir, i. e. mais il pretendait dominer partout. 13 A. seih. l4 V. nust. 15 A. he seij hi. 16 A. omits and. " A. ak. 18 A. synne.

d

50 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pe fend wondrede swipe, and seidc, "What

artou ?

1040 WherpubeoGodessoneptart i-comen'nou? Al pis wyde world I chul jeuen* pe, So pat pou bouwe3 and honoure me."

RESPONDIT JESUS.

po seide Jhesu *, "Go awei 5, Sathan 6, go : pi kuynde lord ne schalt pow7 fonde so8."

DIABOLU8 DICIT.

1045 IF "What wenestou ? I ne mo we vnderstonde, pat Icham9 prince and lord of pis londe10,

1 A. i-come. * A. jeue. 3 A. bowe. 4 A. Jhc. 5 A. 6 The MSS. keep the Latin and French th here. So in MS. Harl. 225 Fo. 55 b. we have —

Alle herknep to me non a stn'f wolle y tellen ou . of ihu ant of sathan po ihu wes to belle ygan . &c.

On the other hand Wicliffe writes: 'And Poule be-toke pe fornic safyanas til a tyme, pat his spirit schnlde be saue.' (Apology for Lollards, Caniden Society's edition, p. 24.) Elsewhere Wicliffe nar Barthelmew, Hector Thebanus, Athenis, and on p. 54, Sathanas: on p. 31 Thimoty. In the Early English Poems (ed. Furnivall) we read, p. 31,

per is pe lope sathanaa. & belsebnc pe ealde. Whether the th was kept in the MSS. of poems often cannot be termined from the printed editions, the p of the MSS. being everywher by some editors, turned into th. Of the word now before us, Satan one form, as in Caedmon and Roberd de Brunne, and another was Sa (the only Greek form), as in Tat., Bede, the Orniulum, and the rowing of Hell (MS. Bodl. Digby 86, fo. 119 sqq.). 7 A. schaltot

8 H. strangely alters this line:

I am thy Lord, thou shalt fynde me so! 9 A. p. I. am (sic). 10 I understand this passage thus: 'Wt

meanest thou? /cannot be a subject, who am prince and lord &c.' Gloss, s. TOCC. Understand and pat. H. turns these lines into — What thenketh the? mayst thou not understond? Seyde the fynde, I am Lord <tc. The French is:

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 51

And in pe seisyne habbe longe i-be porw pe heije kyng pat graut hit me. Alle ping I seo, and alle pig Ich wot;

1050 But one pi poujt no ping I not. pou nymest l ful muche an hond, To be-nymen2 me eny ping in pis lond. pauj3 I nabbe miht ouer pe, Wenestou my preye to be-nyme4 me?

1055 Nay5, for pat foreward6, porw Sop and Riht, Faste i Godes court is congraffet a-pliht; pat hose passede Godes heste7, He scholde 8 be 9 myn, and in sune 10 leste An ende dyen porw hard dep i-nouh:

1060 And pe kyng of heuene nul u do no wouh. What wenestou such foreward6 breke, pat was in Godes court i-speke?"

RESPONDIT JHC.

And po swete Jhesu hi onswerde and tolde, "pat foreward6 on ende wel was i-holde12; 1065 Ac pu hit bi-gonne formast to breke,

po pu porw treson13 to monkuynde14 speke,

E ihesu dist ua sathanas Ton seignor deu ne tepteras. E cil dist done ke ueu tu fere 1020 Prince sui de ceste terre.

1 A. mymest. 2 A. binime. 3 A. pauh. 4 A. bi-nyme. 5 A. nai. 6 A. forward ter. 7 V. repeats — of course simply per sphalma —

Hose passede Godes heste.

8 A. schulde. 9 A. beo. 10 A. synne. ll A. nil. 12 A. God wol wel holde. H. makes sad havoc of this passage:

And tho swete Jhesu him onswered and tolde, And seyde that foreward myjht not be holde; Thow thiself formest dedest hit breke &c. The French is: Lors respondi li duz ihesu Li couenanz fu bien tenu. Meis tu primes lenfreinsistes 1040 Kant en traison al serf deistes.

Tu ne murras &c. 13 A. tresun. 14 A. monkynde.

d2

52

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

And seidest pl treo hi was forbode

Lest1 he hedde pe miht of Gode;

Ac* wolde he of pe appel etc, 1070 penne pu seidest he hedde i-gete2,

For he scholde konen al p1 God con,

And he scholde neuer die4 for pon.

He a-gulte porwpe, and elleshe wersskere.

Vnderstond 6 my reson 7, jif hit skile were 1075 [pat] 8 pou heddest alle forward of me

And pu noldest holde he as a-nont pe."

DIABOLUS DIGIT.

"A! Ich am bi-trayjed 9," qd pe fend po,

"Nou Ich am porw pie ouer-come so.

Of whom and hou comep hit, 1080 Such reson 10 and such wit,

pat pou so baldeliche darst nymen pe

Forte dispute11 a-jeynes me?

porw pie Ichabbe i-loren al anon;

[Ac] 18 so ne may 13 hit noujt gon. 1085 Algate he hap mis-don,

porw14 whom he is in my pn'son;

And bote he beo for-boujt of me,

He ne oujte15 from wo disseysed16 be."

1 A. leste. * A. ak. 3 That is, 'he would have gained' = 'he would be the gainer by it'. But I suspect the true reading is, 'he schulde i-gete', the i-gete being an infinitive = A.S. begitan, but mis taken by the copyist for a participle. * A. dye. 5 A. were. 6 A. vndurstond. 7 A. resun. 8 So H.: A. pauh, V. pau}; but this con junction seems quite out of place. The meaning evidently is: 'Listen to reason, whether it would be just that thou shouldst receive (the ful filment of) all the conditions from me, and yet thou shouldst not choose to abide by them as against thyself.' Fr. does not help much: it is as follows :

Ore esgardez done reison.

Veus tu de couenant ioir

Kant couenant ne ueus teuir?

10 A. resun. " A- dispuite. " A. and V. and,

11 A. mai. '« A. por. 15 A. ouhte. 10 A. dis-

1045

9 A. bi-trayet. H. but, Fr. nies. ceysed.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 53

RESPONDIT JESUS.

po swete Jhesu to him con sugge, 1090 "And Ichulle hf penne for-bugge." IT "3if pou wolt him bugge to his feore, He schal costen pe ful deore."

"Hou1 deore?" quap Jh<?su po. "As he is worp, er penne he go 1095 Out of bonde of my prison*."

f "pat is skile," quap Jhesn, "and good reson3; Ne kep I noujt4 to-jeynes riht porw maystrie5 bi-nyme pe no wiht."

DIABOLUS DICIT.

IT "No, ac er6 he dilyuered be, 1100 pou most al so7 muche delyuere me As al pis world is [worp]8 atte frome, Wip alle pulke p* schulen herafter come."

JHC DIXIT.

"Blepeliche," qd Jhc, "al I chul9 don pis, For my luttel 10 fynger more worp is

1 A. how. 2 A. prisoun. 3 A. resoun. 4 A. nouht. 5 A. maistrie. 6 A. ar. 7 For al so A. and H. have as. 8 So H. : A. and V. have wow. The French of this passage, which in the printed poem is dis figured by two or three misprints, runs thus: 1065 E dist li doz ihesu benoit Co est bien reison e droit. Fo. 22. Centre droit ne uoil io mie Tolir toi riens par mestrie . Fai le me done, volentiers 1070 Kest co done ke tu quiers? Io te dirai bien san faille Rendez moi done que tant uaille. Com fot ore tuz cil del mund E qwanka pres tuz iurs uendrunt. 1075 Volentiers dist il tut cest frai

Kar mienz uaut m5 petit dei . <&c. 9 A. ichulle. w A> iestef

54 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

1 105 pen such an hondred ' worldes ben,

Wl al pat folk p* me may herafter sen3."

DIABOLUS DICIT.

If pe fend8 po to Jhesu onswere con: "pat is al sop, I seo bi pon. For pn maijt al pe world demen and dihte : 1110 For nou ouer pe nabbe I no mihte.

And woldestou pi finger jeue4, pauj5 pu so

sngge, So vnworp and so vyl6 chaffare to bugge?"

RESPONDIT JESUS.

"5e, and al my bodi for his raunsoun, But I chul7 hi habbe out of prisoun." 1115 IT "pou most jit more do, ar p" him habbe so: polen on eorpe wandrepe and wo; And }if pou wole a-menden his wouj 8, pou most dep polen porw strog py ne i-nouj."

And po swete Jhesu hi onswerde po: 1120 "Al pat9 pou hast seid, al schal be do; For Sop seide hit oujte ben so, And Riht com after [and jef] 10 pe dom po ; And more pe pu hast i-seid I chulle don To diliuere n pe pral out of prison."

1125 H po was pe fend siker, and wende wel epe

Forte haue bi-jeten porw his depe; IT Ac 18 he was caujt and ouer-comen, As fisch pat is w* hok i-nomen,

I A. hundret. : A. seon. * A. feond. 4 A. jiae. 5 A. pan. ' A. vil. 7 A. chulle. 8 A. wouh. 9 V. adds a second l>at. 10 So H. , these words being omitted by A. and V. The French, as well as the evident meaning of the passage, shows that the verb is necessary:

Ear uerite le deuise £ puis lad iuge iustise.

II A. delyuere. '* A. ak, H, and,

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 55

pat whon pe worm he swolewep a-last1, 1130 He is bi pe hok i-tijed2 fast.

A! Mon, nim3 jeme and vnderstorid4 pe Hou fynliche i herte God louep pe, p* wolde dep pole, porwpyne5 w*-oute mep, To saue pi soule fro pyne of dep.

1135 Al vre gult on hi he wolde take,

And lodliche was bi-lad al for vre sake. For he pat never no sune6 dude, Ne neuer nas w* fulpe i-fouden i no stude, In alleT pe lymes pat hap pe mon

1140 Seppe8 Adam formest sunne bi-gon, Wolde p4 his lymes alle i-pyned were, To maken vs of sune al quit and skere. For vre vnwrestschupe 9 here pe coroune of pomes on his hed he beere10;

1145 And for vre folye also

His ejen11 weore blynt-wharuet 12 bo; And al was his face bi-foulet w* spot, And eke grete boffetes13 amog me hi smot; IT And for vre speche vnwreste and vyl

1150 Atterheohfdude todrikei-meynt^w'eisil15.

pe otewyse werkes as pere anonden16

1 H. the worme swolewe that the last. 2 A. i-ty}ed. 3 A. nytn. 4 A. vndurstond. 5 A. pine. 6 A. synne. 7 A. al. 8 Fr. gives a much better sense —

Dont Adain primes pechad.

9 A. vnwresteschipe. 10 A. bere. " A. eijen. 13 A. blintwharued, H. blynwherved. 13 A. buffetes. u A. i-meyn. 15 A. eisyl. 16 So the line stands in the MSS., but it is evidently corrupt. H. gives this distich thus:

For unlawfnll werk us avonde, He was peersed thorgh foot and honde.

Which must be rendered: "For countless misdeeds he was pierced &c.", for the avonde admits no other explanation that I can see but that which would connect it with the Lat. abimdare and the Romance habundoz, avondos, aondos, aundos (see Raynouard, s. v. onda). But the passage

56

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

He lette bope purlen his feet ' and hoden ; And for vre woke poujtes he polede smerte, pl me his syde purlede rijt2 to pe herte. 1155 H What miht8 he pene do for vs more? No tonge may tellen of pat fore * Ne no mones herte ne mihte5 penche6 so, As he polede for vs pyne and wo.

And ho is pat ne mijte7 habbe pile 1160 Of such frendschupe8 and charite? Such beo pe duntes of batayle pat he polede for vs wip-outen9 fayle. Ac10 he polede to depe11 ben i-broujt: Vre dep porw his dep he hap for-boujt.

1165 For more polede he an13 hnndret folde Serwe and pyne, po he dyen13 wolde, pen pe fend mihte H for eny synne I5 Leggen hond l6 vppon monkunne.

thus read would imply that Christ was pierced for his own misdeeds numerable, which is just what Fr. contradicts:

E pur nos mauois fez foreins

Se lessa percer piez e meins.

Pur nostre mauois penser Arc.

(Sic MS.: Mr. Cooke prints foreinz and voslre.) Translate: "And for evil deeds which were not his own he allowed &c." As to 'aronde' anonden, the n is very distinct in the MSS., and if this were the Rom; word, the final -en could not be accounted for. I suspect the line on to begin with the preposition for, and that 'as pere anonden' (or perl 'as pere anonden', see note on 1. 1401) ought to mean 'as there imput to him', or 'which were not his own', or 'which we were guilty of. Compare —

Al pat god suffrid of pine, hit nas no\t for is owen gilt: Ok hit was man for sin pine: pat wer for sin in helle ipilt. Fall and Passion, 1. 7, Furnivall's Early English Poems, p. 13.

1 A. fet. » A. riht. 3 A. myht. * So A. and V.; H. has of his soore*. 8 A. mijte. • A. pechen. 7 A. mihte. 8 A. frei schipe. 9 A. wt oute. 10 A. ak, H. and. " A. dep. lt A. 13 A. dijen. u A. mijte. <5 A- sunne. I6 This hond seems mu<

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 57

For pe soule louep pe bodi so, 1170 pat neuere heo nule hi wende fro For no pyne, ne for sore, pauj me hit to-hewe euermore, Er pe fyf wittes ben loren out-riht, Al heore vertue and al heore mijt1.

1175 pat is pe siht, and pe herynge, pe speche, and pe smellynge, And pe felynge, he schal leosen an2 ende, Ar he wole from3 pe bodi wende *. Kuynde ne may for no pinge

1180 pole her pe tipelynge.

Ac5 he pat alle ping mai6 welde

Doublede his peyne an hondred7 felde;

For po he pynede on pe Crois

He jaf his soule wip loud voys. 1185 per he schewede p* he was God so:

Vre Raunsum8 he dude po.

pe bodi9 jit9 liuede wip-oute fayle,

And so he ouercom pe batayle.

Kuynde ne mihte pole such peyne non, 1190 For pe fend ne mijte hit neuer legen10 on.

And Marie, Mayden schene, Mihtful Moder and milde Qwene, For deol mungen I ne may pe pyne p1 pu poledest pulke day. 1195 Ac pe prophecy e of Symeon Was folfuld11 po bi pon; As wip swerd in pulke stounde pou heddest po ful bitter woude;

in the way: H. omits it. The French is —

Ke diables neurent poeir

A humeine nature charger.

1 A. miht. 2A. and. 3A.fro. 4 A. weende. 5A. ak, H. but. 6A. may. 7 A. hudred, 8 A. raunson, 9 illegible in A. 10 A. legge, ll A. fulfuld.

58

CASTEL OFF LODE.

Ac1 pi joye doublede an hondrut8 folde, 1200 po he from dep vp-rysen wolde. H For noujt worp8 weore4 his passion,

Neore his resurexion5.

pou8 seje openliche in alle pinge

Of his batayle pe endynge, P05 porw whom pe fend was al mat7,

And pe world for-boujt and broujt in stat.

pe troupe of vs, and pe beleeue8 also,

Bi-leuede9 al in pe po.

In wonhope weore his disciples vchon, 1210 Ac10 pou weore studefast euer in on;

Ne mijte11 pe no pig tornen out,

In trewe bileue eucre p" weore18, stille and

loud.

Marie, Mooder 13 of pite,

Mayden " ful of alle boute, 1215 Vre bi-leeue was po in pe i-wis;

And noulf> al vre hope is

pat pou'6 bi-seche pi sone for vs,

pat so on rode for-boujt1T vs.

1220

Je habbep i-herd of swete Jh«sn, Hou18 he porw his muchel vertu Vs redep to goode 19 euer-more, And hou18 he wolde vs plede fore, And hou l8 he wolde to batayle wende, And hou18 he hit ouer-com an ende. 1225 If Nas pis a good redes-mon

pat20 vs so deore for-buggen con,

1 A. ak, H. bat. 3 A. hundred. 8 H. omits 'worp', clearly mis understanding these two lines, which mean — 'For his passion would be nothing worth, were it not for (see Gloss., s. v. Neore) his resurrection.' This couplet is not in the French. * A. were. * A. resurrexion. ' A. pow. 7 A. maat. 8 A. bileeue. 9 A. forsope bileuede. 10 A. ak, H. but. " A. mihte. " A. were. 13 A. moder. u A. maiden. 15 A. now. 16 A. pow. 17 A, for-bouht. 18 A. how, quater. 19 A. gode. *° V. |>as.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 59

And hap i-rud vs pe way, per vchone of vs pat wole, he may To pe blisful ! joye come 1230 p* so loge porw Adam 2 was bi-nome ?

Vnderstondep 3 nou forpere nopeles

Hou he is God and euere4 wes,

And je mouwe5 openliche i-seon

pat hit ne may not elles ben. 1235 O God al pe world wroujte6,

And pulke God vs alle for-boujter;

Oper8 God nis non pen he,

pe God of whom I seide er pe,

Persones preo in prille-hod. 1240 And o God cleped in on-hod.

Men9 may also, clerkes p* cone10 reden, I-seon his Godhede porw his deden; For al pe deden11 pat he dude here W* Godhede and monhede [weore]12 i-meynt

i-fere.

1245 And nym nou jeme and pu mint seon Hou pat ilke mihte 13 ben 14.

1 A. (per sphalma) blsful. 2 'porw Adam': so A., V., and H. But the French reads —

Ke par euain feut grant pose A tuz estupee. e close.

That is, 'which was previously (auparavant) quite shut (lit. paused), stopped against all, and closed.' 3 A. onderstodep. 4 A. euer. 5 A. mowen. 6 A. wrouhte. 7 A. for-bouhte. 8 A. opur. 9 A. and H. me, Fr. thus:

E ses fez peut horn saueir E la puissance deu veeir.

10 A. cune. n A. deeden, the last letter very indistinct. 12 H. finishes this line with 'he dede in fere'. A. and V. leave the sentence without any verb, for i-meynt can be nothing but a participle. The in sertion of weore (or were) seems to be fully justified by the French: Kar tuz ses fez furent niellez De homesce e de deitez. :3 A. mi)te. 14 A, beon.

60 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Hose hedde a swerd here

pat wel i-steled ' and kene * were,

And he hit in-to pe fuir dude 1250 pat hit were8 brenynge in pe stude;

Ho is pat penne mihte,

Whon hit barnde so brihte,

pe fuyr4 to-delen pe stel fro,

Oper5 pe stel from pe fuir mo? 1255 And hose we pe swerd smite,

Two kuynden he mijte* sen7 and wite —

pe stel porw kuynde keruep a-pliht*,

And pe fuir brennep9 and p* is riht;

And al of o swerd hit come. 1260 Also is of Jhesn Codes sone,

Two kuynden he hap, we witen bi pon,

pat he is sop God and sop mon.

For atte neces [he schewede] pis priuete I0, At pe Caane11 of Galylee",

I A. i-steeled. 2 A. keene. * A. weo (sic). 4 A. fuir. * A. of 6 A. mihte. 7 A. seon. 8 A. a-plijt. 9 V. brande. 10 A. gives line thus:

For atte neoces of pis priuete, and V. thus:

For atte neces of pis princee (or priucee); the writer of these MSS. — for we must bear in mind that they are writ by the same hand — having evidently not understood what he was copyii H. helps us here, reading —

He shewed gret myraculle and privete At the chane of Galile.

The 'for' at the beginning of the line is not in the French, wher couplet —

As noces seint architeclin

Kant leawe changat en uin — seems rather to connect itself with what precedes.

II A. pe Cane: for the use of the article with this name compa Maundevile's expression: 'tin Cane of Galilee is 4 Myle fro Nazarethe And so in Wiclifs rendering of John 2. 1, — 'and the thridde dai dyngis weren made in the cane of galile' (Engl. Hexapla.) On the ot hand in Rob. de Brunne we have —

And in Kana Galyle

He turnede water yn wyne to be. (p. 344.) » A. Galile.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 61

1265 A gistnynge he made Architriclyn l,

per he tornde2 water3 to wyn.

Sixe vessels per weoren i-don:

Of water 8 he bad hem fulle son ;

[As mon]4 he bad don water3 per-in 1270 And as God he torned hit to wyn.

And pis ilke dede was al on

Of sopfast God and sopfast mon.

And elles-wher5 per he eode,

Muche folk hi suwede of feole 6 peode, 1275 pat fyfT pousend men he hap i-set,

And w* 8 fyue9 loues and twey10fissches hem

fed;

And of pe relef p* he leuede bi-fore,

Twelf cupe-ful weoren11 vp i-bore.

As mon he hem pe bred to-brek12, 1280 And as God he hap hem i-fulled ek.

Of Lazar also pu miht i-seon epe Hou he him arerede from pe depe,

1 For this change of a common noun («(>£< TptxA/vos) into a proper name, compare Maundevile's words: 'In that Castel, seynt Anne oure Ladyes Modre was born. And there benethe was Centurioes Hous' (p. 117). So we occasionally even now hear and read of the parable of Dives — the syre Dyues of Rob. de Brunne — and Lazarus. So we always speak of Mary Magdalen, though 'Marie Cleophee' (Mand.) is such no longer. But as to the case before us, Wiclif wrote: 'bere je to the architriclyn ' (Jno. 2. 8). 2 V. torned. 3 A. watur ter. 4 A. and V. anon. The French is —

Com home emplir les roua Com deu leawe en vin chaga.

[Roua = rogavit? Kelham has, 'Roaisons, Rogations'.) Compare also with the present passage lines 1279 and 1287 below. In H. we have — As by his monhede he bade do watur theryne, And by his Godhede he turned the water to wyne, — conveying the same general sense, though the conjunctions here are all at sixes and sevens. 5 H. has 'owher', which clearly = A. S. seghwser, sghwar, ahwaer = ever-where = wherever. 6 A. fele. 7 A. fif.

J A. omits w*. 9 A. fiue. 10 A. twei. u A. weren. " A. to-breek.

62 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pat foure dawes he leij1 a-long, In pe buriles2 pat he stonk. 1285 Wip loud voys 3 he clepede pus : "Lazar a-rys and cum out to vs." Riht as mon he clepede him to, And as God he a-rerede him also4.

In alle his deden me may5 wel i-sen6 1290 pat he is God 7 and euer schal ben 8.

pulke God alle ping dihte,

pat in pe swete Mayden9 a-lihte.

Al vre be-leeue 10 in him is,

Vre treupe11 and vre hope i-wis: 1295 Persones preo in prillihod,

And o God pauj I2 in on-hod.

Nou je habbep i-herd witterly

Hou he is God Almihti 13;

Ac u his strengpe ne 15 may no telle, 1300 Herte penke, ne moup spelle.

For pe heije nome Jhesu

Hap in him so muche vertu

pat al pat is in heuene hije I6

Abouen and bineopen ir feor and neije, 1305 Bouwep 18 to pilke l9 nome vchon.

For-pi per ne may hit telle non,

His miht and his strengpe hou hit gep;

But as a mon pe rynde flep20,

Suwhat touchen I chulle fonde 1310 Of pat Ich may vnderstonde21.

po Adam hedde i-loren porw synne, Heuene and eorpe and paradyses " winne,

1 A. leih. 2 A. Imriels. 3 A. vois. 4 V. omits also. 5 A. 6 A. i-seon. 7 A. pat he was God and is: the Fr. is, kil est deu. 8 A. beon. 9 A. maiden. 10 A. bi-leeue. " A. troupe. 1S A. pauh. 13 A. almihty. u H. and. 15 A. oni. 16 A. heije. " A. bioepen. i9 A. bowep. l9 A. pulke. *° On this passage see Pr., p. 55. 21 A. vndurstonde. n A. paradys: the form in V. is found

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 63

pe fend hedde such miht po

pat al pe world moste after hi go; 1315 For [whom] T pe world was furst wroujt2,

He hap him vnder-i-broujt 3.

Such strengpe he him po ches

pat prince of al pe world he wes.

per nas non for his goodschupe, 1320 For penaunce ne for holyschupe4,

pauj 5 he pynede hi-self in flesch and felle,

pat pe fend ne ladde him to helle.

[Ac] 6 pe strengpe of Jhesu Godes sone

Him hap al mated and ouer-come. 1325 Ouercome and i-mat he was7 ful sone,

po he wende of him to done

As he hedde don of oper alle

pat he lette in-to helle falle:

Alle he ladde herbifore after8 his wille, 1330 And in-to helle [con]9 hem spille.

To pe croys10 he con come, And wolde habben " his soule i-nome; Ac 12 he faylede, pe traytour 13 ; He was a-bated of his tour14, 1335 For Godes Godhede hi hap dou cast In-to helle and i-bounden fast.

also in the Harrowing of Hell, 1. 193 (Bodl., MS. Digby 86, fol. 119),

And coraen to paradises blisse. So in 1. 211; and in 1. 173, paraises blisse.

1 A. and V. whon: H. but for monkynde <fec. Fr. is very clear:

Celui pur ki le munde fu fet En son poeir out attreit.

2 A. wrouht. 3 A. vndur-i-brouht. 4 A. holischupe. 5 A. pauh. 6 A. and V. and, H. but, Fr. meis. 7 A. was he. 8 A. aftur. 9 A. and V. coin. 10 A. crois. n A. habbe. 12 H. but Jet. 13 A. traitour. 14 H. anowre, probably because the copyist took lour in the sense of tower. The line really means, 'he was smitten down in his turn": com pare 11. 1315, 1316. Fr. has—

II est de son torn abatuz.

64 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

For porw his Godhede his soule code pidere for hise pat hedden * neode, pat jore hedden him a-bide 1340 And sore longeden8 to gon him mide*.

Helle-jates he al to-breek4,

And to-daschte al pe fendes5 ek.

A gret bite he bot of helle nom 6

And drouh alle hise out vchon 1345 pat leeuede his nome and hf knewe,

And serueden hi wip herte trewe.

Such strengpe nas neuer i-herd ar pis,

Ne neuer schal but of him i-wis.

For pe meste strengpe he al bi-reuede 1350 pat pe fend 7 in pe world heuede.

He was en-armed ful stronge 8,

1 A. hedde. * A. longede. 3 A. myde. With these lines comp the words of Adam to Christ in the Harrowing of Hell above referred to :

Welcome louerd wel pou be

Ful longe hauep ous pout after pe, and Eve says,

So longe hauen we ben herinne

pa fewe nou bep oure sunne. 4 So in the Harr. of Hell:

Helle Jates ich come nou to

Nou ich wille pat hy ben honndo * * »

Helle Jates her .1. falle

And suppen go into helle

Satanas here .1. pe binde

Ne salt pou neuere hene winde

(i. e., never shalt thou unwind). 8 A. feondes. • I strongly si that for nom we should read anon, as in the form of this line which gives—

The maystri of helle he hede anon. Nom spoils the rhyme, and one would scarcely expect bot of = out of except, if at all, in northern English.

7 A. feond. 8 The scriptural allusion here, namely to the parable ol the 'strong man armed' (fortis armatus, Vulg.) in Luke 11. 21, seei not to have been understood by the English translator, or even by tb< writer of the French MS., who has put si where the bishop must hav<

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 65

pat his jat wuste ful longe l ; Ac2 po pe strengore hi ouer-com, Gret preye he3 him bi-nom.

1355 For-pi him seip wel Ysaye,

pat seip in his prophecy e

pat he scholde [Myhtfol]4 i-cleped ben5.

His strengpe may no mon i-seon,

Ne no tonge ne mihte reden 1360 Ne poujt penken his mihtful deden. IT For his miht me oujte him drede,

And for his swetnes hi loue ful nede.

pis is vre child and vre help,

Vre strengpe and vre jelp, 1365 Vre be-leue6 and vre socour,

Vre treupe and vre honour;

pat so boxum bi-com for vs,

He jaf him-self to sauen vs.

And al o God dude pis, 1370 Fader and Sone and Holigost i-wis.

Sudel je habbep i-herd nou riht Of his stregpe and of his miht;

written li, both to give point to the allusion and to mark the antecedent to the relative which begins the next line.

Li maufe fu [li] fort arme

Ki sa porte a si fort garde.

Mes quant li plus fort sorueneit

Ses espoilles lui ad toleit.

1 H. cuts this down into the charming line, And wyst full long.

See Pr., pp. 60, 61. 8 A. ak, H. bote. 3 A. om. he. 4 A. inyldeful, V. uiyldefol, H. myjhtfull, Fr.—

Pur co dit bien ysaie En sa douce prophecie. Ke il fort nome serroit &c. 5 A. beon. 6 A. be-leeue.

66

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Ac ' herknep * jit forpere of Ysaye, pat cleped3 him in his prophecie 1375 Fader of pe world pat scholde come4. For while he walkede her atte frome, He folfulde * in alle pinge Alle holye prophetes [byddynge]6.

Hou he is Fader je schullen7 i-heren, 1380 And hou we alle of him i-streoned8 were. porw Adam we sugeden furst vchon, And eeten pe appel wip hi anon; And alle we of him i-streoned * weoren : pe cors9 pat he beer alle we beeren. porw kuynde we hedden pe curs alle

1385

1390

porw riht nc mijt10 hit elles bi-falle.

Adam vr fader pe forme mon Fleschliche streoned vs euerichon, Ac11 pulke fleschliche streonynge Beere 1J vs bale and serwynge, Neore 13 pe grace of swete Jhesu

1 A. ak, H. but. * A. herkenep. 8 A. clepep. * See note 1. 65. The French here is —

Pere au poeple ki uendroit.

Au siecle ke feut a uenir.

5 A. fulfilde. 6 So H. : A. and V. have bi-gynnynge, which makes

no sense. The French is simply 'tute seinte prophecies'. For bidding

= announcement, see Gloss. 7 A. schulle. 8 A. i-strened bis. ' A.

curs, phosed :

10 A. mint. n A. ak. In H. this passage is thus metanior-

And for the synne that Adam in Paradys dede, All we that of him come shuld ha byn in sory stede, Nere the grave [sic] of swete Jhesu That us jeynbowght thorgh gostli vertu.

The French is—

Meis icele engendrure Feut a nus e pesiue e dure. Ne feust la grace ihesu crist Ke nus engendra en esperit. M A. beer. 13 Compare 1. 1202.

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 67

pat vs strenede 1 [porw] 2 gostliche vertu.

porw Adam we weore to depe i-demet3,

porw Jhesu vp-rered and al i-qwemed. 1395 He is vre Fader ariht,

And so goodliche vs hap i-diht

p* w* his blod he vs [waschede]4 of sinne5,

And broujt vs out of wo to winne.

Neuer fader for no childe 1400 Of fyn loue nas so freo ne mylde.

[Wan] 6 from pe roode 7 for vre neode

Riht in-to belle he code,

Fourti tymen8 per he wes,

[O]9 pat he vp-risen ches. 1405 pat was on pe pridde day,

Erliche vppon a Sonen-day,

po pe nijt10 fro pe day to-brek11

So seide seint Austin po he spek12.

W* him he drouj out alle hise 1410 pat dijeden13 in his seruise

From pe 14 tyme pat he Adam wroujte,

pat he vp-ros Io and vs for-boujte.

To his disciples he hi schewede 16 i-lome ir, And eet and dronk, eode and come 1415 Fourti dawes he was heere 18 fulliche, And prechede 19 hem Godes kineriche.

1 A. streone. 2 A. and V. om. : see the readings of II. and Fr. just quoted. 3 A. i-demed. 4 A. and V. waked, H. wassheth, Fr. laua. See Pr., p. 64. 5 A. synne. 6 Fr. kant: A. and V. have petf. I have no doubt that the earlier manuscript from which A. and V. were copied had the Anglo-Saxon p (w) throughout, and thus the pan = wan being mistaken for paw was changed into a conjunction more fitly correspond ing to the so in the preceding line, with which this line was connected by mistake. On the p and p compare 11.287, and 1151, note. 7 A. rode. 8 A. and H. tymes. 9 A. and V. po, H. er, Fr. deskau tierz iur. Line 152 shews pretty clearly what the true reading is. 10 A. niht. u A. to-breek. 12 A. speek. 13 A. po pat dyeden. u A. pat. 15 A. a-ros, H. up-ros. 16 A. schewed. 17 H. sone. 18 A. here. 19 A. preched.

e2

G8 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Vppon holy poresday ' per on his nome Heo weren 8 i-gedered alle i-some Vppon astude, per he among hem com, 1420 And of mis-bileue he hem vndernom.

In whonhope* and doute heo weoren vchon, 5it heo sejen hi alyue a lyues-mon.

po jit ne mihten heo for no \vit4

Riht to sope i-leeuen hit. 1425 Ac5 heore doute was vre bi-heue6,

And fastnede ful wel vre bi-leeueT;

For muche vs dude sikernesse 8

Of Thomas misbileuenesse,

pat nolde for no mon pat was 1430 Bi-leeuen pat he ded and arisen9 was,

Ar he hedde hondlet pe woude so wyde,

pat Longeus10 made in his syde,

1 A. porsday. 3 A. weoren. 3 A. wonhope. 4 i. e. for no wiht = for nought. See Glossary, s. v. Nouht. 5 II. hut jet. 6 A. biheeue. 7 A. bileue. 8 A. sikornesse. * A. arysen. I0 Sic in A. and V. and the Townley Mysteries: n. writes Longes, Fr. longis (and so Rob. the Dev.), the Coventry Mysteries, Longeys, the later Greek and Latin fathers, Longinns. The origin of the name is apparently implied in the words 'sed unus inilitum lancea (^<jyxr.i) latus ejns aperuit', John 19. 34, Vulg. It is curious to note the various instances in which tradition has given names to persons who are mentioned but not named in the Scrip tures themselves. Thus the mother of the virgin Mary was Anna (see note on 1. 12G5), and her father Joachim son of Barpanther, according to Epiphanius, Greg. Nyss., &c. The magi who visited the infant Jesus, always reckoned as three in number, are named by Mandevile as 'the 3 Kynges, Jaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar; bnt Men of Grece clepen hem thus, Galgalathe, Malgalathe, and Saraphie; and Jewes clepen in this manere in Ebrew, Appelius, Amerrius, and Damasus.' The readers who choose to consult Calmet, s. v. Magi, will find this statement as to (he different names given to the three kings by the Jews and the Greeks, just reversed, as might be expected; and other names also mentioned. Of the second and third names the Cov. Mysteries give the forms Mel- chijar and Baltnjare, in the latter of which the j probably = z as is oc casionally the case. Mandevile again speaking of 'the Cytee of Sarphen' says, 'and there reysed he Jonas the Wydwes Sone from Dethe to Lyf,'

CASTEL OFF LOUE. 69

And ' seon pe woudes grene and weet, Wjuche pat weoren on honden and feet1.

1435 po schewed Jhc3 hi his wondes3 wyde

In hondes and feet and pulke on his syde4:

"pou art Ichot" 5, quap Thomas po,

"Mi God, and my Lord also."

"3»e, Thomas," quap Jhesu Crist, 1440 "pou hit leuest, for pou hit sixt;

Alle heo moten i-blessed ben,

pat hit leeuen, pauj6 heo hit not seon!"

Openliche he made pulke day

Faste and siker vre [fay]7.

1445 Wip his disciples he eet po,

As he was er i-wont to do,

And sette tweyne and tweyne to gon

Jond al pe world to prechen vchon,

To alle schaft and to alle wihte — 1450 pat is to mon porw rihte —

pat heo bi-leeue8 i Godes sone, p* is in him,

And pat vche mon folwede him 9

the widow's son not being named by the evangelist himself (Lu. 7. 12). In like manner the penitent thief — 'the gode Theef (Mand.)— was called Dysnias, whom Piers Plowman's 'Roberd the Robbere' claims for his brother (Vis. 1. 3419), Dysmas's companion in guilt and punishment being Jestes according to the Cov. Myst. And the soldiers who had charge of the grave of Christ receive names in the Cov. Myst. such as appear to be derived from tradition.

Pylat. Come forth, }e ser Amorawnt,

And ser Arphaxat; coin ner also Ser Cosdram, and ser Affraunt,

And here the charge that }e must do.

1 These two lines are omitted in A. 2 A. Jhu. 3 A. woudes. 4 A. side. 5 A. I wot. 6 A. pauh. 7 A. and V. lay, H. fay, Fr.— A ceu iur uout aperteinent La foi fermer de tute gent.

8 A. by-leeuen. 9 That is, had himself baptized, see Gloss., and Pr., pp. 55, 56.

70 CA8TEL OFF LOUE.

In pe Fader, and in pe Sone also, And in J><- Holy Cost1 pat glit of hem bo. 1455 For hose neore i-bore eft, at pe 3 frorae In-to heuene ne * mijte * he neuer come ; Ac5 palke pat bep6 i-fulwed in riht bileeue7, Schulen beo broujt in Godes bi-heue8.

Wei openliche he schewep vs per-fore 1460 pat vche mon mot eft ben i-bore, And }if we schulen eft i-boren ben 9, We mote comen of sunne-streon I0. pat is pe water of vertu, per vs gostliche strenep swete Jbmi; 1465 And whon he vs hap so strened11 i-wis, Forsope vre Fader penne 1J he is, And penne we alle his children bep. Sikerliche vnwrestlyche he deep l3 pat such Fader ne louep wl al his poujt. 1470 He ne eet of pe appel riht noujt:

1 A. holigost. 3 A. atte for at pe. 3 A. om. ne. * A. mihte 5 A. ak. 6 A. beop. 7 A. bileue. 8 Fr. has here—

E lors deuisa leur aler

Kil alassent al mud preacher.

A vniuerse creature

Gest a home par droiture.

Kil en le fiz deu creussent

£ baptizez touz feussent.

£1 nan del pere e del iiz

£ del seintisme esperiz.

Kar ki rene ne serrad

la ou ciel nentrerad.

Mes les creanz les baptizez

Serrunt mis en sauaetez.

(I need hardly explain that creanz = believers, and rene, i. e. rene = born again, renatus, John 3. 5, — the 'eft i-boren' of our text.) » A. been. 10 Fr.—

Mes pus ke rene serrum

Engendrure aucrum. 11 A. streoned. 1S V. om., H, then. " A. dep.

CASTEL OFF LOUE.

Baldeliche we mouwe1 porw hi craue Vre rihtes in heuene to haue; For he hap alle pe lawen2 i-wyst3 — Of o poynt ne hap he mist — 1475 pat neuer neore i-wust ne i-holde, Er he him-self coraen wolde.

71

pe forme mon pat of eorpe com, Broujt4 vs werre and pees bi-nom. pat oper mon from heuene com wl meyn : 1480 And hap i-jolden vre pees5 ajeyn. IF Fleschliche was pe forme mon, pat muche wo vs broujte vppon; pat was out of paradys i-pult, And al his ofspring, for his gult.

1485 Ac 6 vre gostlych r Fader, swete Jhesu,

Vs bryngep 8 ajeyn porw his vertu.

He pat from heuene com,

From louh an heij he vs up-nom.

pat from eorpe com, to eorpe he gep: 1490 pat from heuene com, to heuene he step. IT On holy 9 poresday (per al pe folk i-seij 10

Wjuche11 pat stoden a-bouten hi neih)

pe wey he made vs to lede

porw pe skewes, per he eode 1495 Wip sopnesse and wey 12 of lip 13.

1 A. mowe. 2 A. and H. lawes. 3 A. i-wist. 4 A. brouht. 5 A. vr pes. 6 A. ak, H. but. 7 A. gostlich, H. gostili. 8 A. bringep. 9 A. holi. 10 A. i-seih. n A. whuche. 13 A. wei. 13 Either this passage is corrupt, or the translator has again quite missed the bishop's meaning, whose words are —

La uoie a ses seinz a fet

Par les nuwes ou il vet.

Vie. verite. et voie

Od sei meine bele proie. 'He has made the way for his saints through the clouds where he goes — the life, the truth, and the way. With him he brings a glorious booty.' Here the third line contains an unmistakable allusion to the words, 'Ego sum via et veritas et vita', Jno. 14. 6.

72 CASTEL OFF LOUE.

pe feire cupanye [he]1 him laddc wip,

pat he out of helle nom,

pat to muche blisse com.

To pulke blisse he made hem weende, 1500 pat euer lastep wip-outen ende,

per he wonep as he dude er

Wip his Fader, o God per,

Persones preo in prilli-hod1,

And o Ood pauj3 in on-hod, 1505 pat alle ping wroujte, as pu mon wost,

Fader and Sone, and Holygost.

pauj vche nome of pise pre

[Be]1 sinderliche* [seyd] * as he oujte to be,

O God hit is wip-outen care, 1510 Of alle schaftes schuppare;

To whom joye and honour bi-come

Wip-outen ende6, pe holy Gome.

Now biseche we God for his merci Such lyf her7 leden7 and so trusti,

1515 pat we his heste holden so long, pulke pes vs wonye among pat he sende fro heuene to monkinne8, And p* he wone w* vs wMnne; And aftur 9 pis lyf to joye wende ! 10

1520 pis writ in God nimep11 nou ende6. per is ende and byginnynge ll, So holy writ seyp13, of alle pinge; God leeue14 vs here so ende, p* we ben worpi to heuene wende10. Ame15.

1 A. and V. om.: H. 'he hadde him wythe'. * A. pilly hod (sic).

3 A. pauh. * A. synderliche. 8 A. and V. omit the verb: H. has 'byn syndry seyd', and Fr. —

£ sil iad distinctinn De trois persones par nan. <fcc.

6 A. eende bis. 7 A. leden her. 8 A. monkynne. 9 A. after. 10 A. weende bis. For the to omitted see note on 1. 926. n A. nymep. 1J A. biginnynge. 13 A. seip. 14 A. lene. 15 A. Am.

GLOSSARY.

(For words not contained here see Coleridge's Glossarial Index.)

Abate , v. a. , smite down , 1334. Fr. abatuz.

Abugge (for pronunciation see Sugge"), v.a., pay the penalty for, 394. A.S. abicgan.

Afterlong, adv., along, 724. Fr. has —

De lung la tur e de Le, i. e. de longo . . . de lato.

Agulte, v.n., offend, 335. A.S. agyltan ; Fr., in this passage, trespasser. We find gulte in the same sense in Moral Ode, 108.

Al, adv., altogether, 524, 1136.

Al, adj., plur. alle, = all, 8, 16, and passim. The distinction between the sing, and plur. forms is disregarded in one or other of the MSS. in 16,333,433,545,561,650,1139,1214.— Ouer alle ping = all our things, 12.

Alle and some, = each and all, 489. We have this phrase also in Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 10,

And hew py noumbuls alle and sum;

and in Handlyng Synne, 169, and 2183, with a noun singular: pe tale ys wrytyn al and sum In a boke of Vitas Patrum.

In the Play of the Sacrament, 1. 402, it undergoes tmesis — whyle t^aey were a^e together and sum.

Alast, adv., at last, 457, 991. The A.S. expression was on laste (com pare Apliht and /-some), but the prep, at is used in this phrase as early as in La}. Brut, in which we find at paw laste and a paw laste, vol. iii, p. 66. If the a in alast stands for at, we may also compare a}a/ (A. S. agcef) as perhaps = atgaf - uttered, in the Owl and Night ingale, 139, and A.S. aspringan, adrifan, aswipan, &c. as probably = cetspringan, &c.

Algate, adv., yet, in any case, at all events, 1085; Fr. tutefoiz.

Amidden, prep., amid, 333. A.S. on middan = in medio.

An, prep., on, 1177, 1488. So often in La}. Br., and see End.

And, prep., = an = on, 1177 (A.), and in like manner

[And-last, adv., at last, 127, A.S. on laste. 1 had put atte laste in the

74 GLOSSARY.

text, and am indebted to Mr. Furuivall for the suggestion of and- last. That the reading of the MSS. is corrupt, with loft - left, is proved — besides other reasons — by the fact that in this poem all such contracted preterites in -te keep the final -e, as ou\te, brou]te, wrou}te, mi}te, dihte, moste, <fcc.]

Anon, adv., 234,319. The MSS. divide a non, though an on doubtless is the true division. The A.S. form is on an - in one (sc. time, or moment). Even in A.S. the prep, on = in or on, was sometimes written an. In Rob. Brunne's Account of Arthur we get the form on one:

pe messe bigan son on one.

In 1083 al anon - all in one = all at once. — As to a non for an on, one case of this kind which seems to have escaped observation is found in Owl and Nightingale, 144,

Thos hule luste thider-ward, And hold hire eje notherwa(r)d, 'kept her eyes turned in another direction1.

Anonden, ?, 1151.

Anont, prep., anent, against, 1076.

Apertement, adv. , manifestly, 781.

Apliht, adv., 304, 847, 1056, 1257, certainly, in truth; or more exactly, (in) plighted (troth). The prefix a, which stands in some cases for ge, as in ago — igo = Germ, gegangen, adight (Ch.) = ydight = A. S. gediht, along = ilong (q.v.) = A.S. gelang, alike = yliche = A.S. gelic, (compare enough = ynou = genog), — in others is a corruption of on = on or in, as in alive (Ch., on live), abroad (Ch., on brede), a-hunting (Ch., on hunting, and so on banking), abed (Ch., on bedde), aboard, afire, aloud (in the Mort Arthure, ed. Hall., one lowde), anight, a' Godes name; and so Ch. has both aswoun and on swoune. I suspect that aplight be- longs to the former of these classes. Mr. Halliwell thinks that it "is the same as 'I plight', I promise you". And we do find 'Mi trauthe I the plijte' in the Avowynge of King Arther, 27. 16, but is there any other instance of the prefix a = the pron./? — The explanation 'immediate ly, at once' given in the Glossarial Index does not suit our passages.

As, rel.pr., which,? 1151. See Furnivall's Early Engl. Poems, p.77, 1. 225.

At, prep, governing gen., 92. So to occasionally governs the gen. in A.S. and of in Early (and in Modern) English.

At ene, 402. Taking this reading as in the MSS., the ene must = the earlier cene from the numeral an, one. Then at ene will = at once, though in the old form of this phrase (at ones) the preposition governs the genitive: see At. In Laj. Br. cene is either dat. or ace., and at regularly takes a dative. The as redundant before at ene is paralleled in as tyte (Handl. Syune, 1.264), asstcy]>e (ib. 1452), and many of Chaucer's adverbial phrases, especially of time, such as as now, as at this time, as for that day, as in his tyme, <fec. But I suspect the genuineness of the reading, though emendation

GLOSSARY. 75

is not easy. My friend the Rev. J. Earle suggests as at-gene in the sense of 'and that for certain'. He says: "It sounds to me as if at- gene is a good representative of the old inflected gegnum = obviam: gegnunga, adv., aperte, certe, omnino, plane, prorsus, (Grein, s. v.); and compare the provincialism 'the gainest way' = the nighest way." The ^ene of 0. and N. 843 which is unexplained in the Gloss. Ind. is apparently a verb, and = meet. — Were the existence of a verb to atgive (see Alast and Atsprong} established, I should be inclined, by aid of H., to read —

pis pral of who my sustren meue Hap dom deserued as at-}eue, i. e. as already pronounced.

At one (in the MSS. a ton) = agreed, 492, 493. The fuller phrase atte one assente occurs in the Avowynge of King Arther, 59. 9, and in the Seven Sages, 1. 2072 (at on acenf); while we find also at on red in nearly the same sense in 1. 2064 of the latter poem. (Qy. When did the verb atone first appear in its modern sense, or, as in Shakspere, in the sense of to reconcile'/')

At-sprong, part., sprung, descended, 152, A.S. asprungen. There is an A.S. noun cetspringnes, springing out, given by Bosworth.

Atset, v.a., put away, set aside, neglect, 235.

Atter, sb., gall, 1150. Fr. has fel amer, H. galle; though A.S. after or ator = poison.

Awayte, v. a., lie in wait for, 767. The French is —

Ki nus agueitent tut dis. Cotgr. has aguetter, Palsgr. aguayter, for to lie in wait.

Baldeliche, adv., boldly, 1081, 1471.

Bat, v.a., biddeth = prayeth, Fr. huche, 884. A.S. bit, from biddan.

See Forbat and Hat. Bayle, sb., 687, 805. 'Bailey, a name given to the courts of a castle,

formed by the spaces between the circuits of walls or defences which

surrounded the keep. Oxf. Gloss. Arch.' Halliwell's Arch. Dictionary.

'Bailie, pieu, palissade'. Menage. Be, beo (= by, as in H.), prep., concerning, as to, 495. So be in A. S.,

as, cwepan to pai menigu bi Johanne, Rushw. Gosp., Mt. 11. 7. Beclepe, v.a., complain of, appeal against, 498. Beget, v.n., gain, profit, part, bi-jeten, 1126. Beheste, sb., promise, 336. Fr. has —

La primesse lui fauserent.

Beij, beih, v.a., pret. of bow, 358. A.S. bugan, pret. beah, beag. Bend, v.a., = circumdare, as in the modern nautical expression 'the

sails are bent', 743. Berbican, sb., barbican, 697, (823). The barbican was an outwork— 'une

faussebraye, ou muraille de dehors, antemurak. On appeloit aussi

76 GLOSSARY.

barbacanes les defenses qa'on faisoit an bout d'nn pout,1 (Menage). See also Viollet-le-duc's Military Architecture in the Middle Ages, especially figures 17 and 18. But the name barbican was also, ac cording to Menage (and Spelman), applied to the 'meurtrieres' or machicoulis, (for which see Yiollet-le-duc, figures 19 and 69) 'c'est-a- dire ces ouvertures qui sont aux murailles des villcs et des places fortes, d'ou Ton tire a coups de mousqnet sur les ennemis.' But of barbacan in this sense I can find no example in any old writer, or in any of the dictionaries. It is worth observing also that the strange blunder of confounding barbacan with creneau is found only in one or two modern writers (Vigenere quoted by Menage, and Raynonard). In our author, 1. 823, the case is simply one where 'bonus dormitat Homerns', as the words 'pe seue' prove to a demonstration: the way OQii of the definite article being to 'seven barbicans' already mentioned (1. 697), whereas no 'seven battlements1 are mentioned.

Besiht, sb., award (?), 311. Fr.,

Par agard de iugement.

Bespeak, v.a., threaten (?), 221.

Bi-caste, v.a., surround, part, bi-caste, 694.

Bicome, v.n., belong, 1511. Fr. apent (Lat. appendet) = appurtient.

Bid, v.a., desire, 1008.

[Byddynge, sb., announcement, 1378. Compare the use of the verb beodan in Beowulf, 1. 786, and Csedm., p. 188, 11.]

Bifal, v.n., belong, 81, 293, 928.

Bifonle, v.a., defile, 1147.

Biheve, sb., behoof, advantage, 1425. A. S. bihefe.

Bilie, v.n., belong, 96, 295. A.S. belicgan - extend or lie, by or about.

Bi-loke, part., locked up, 992.

Bi-reve, v.a., take away, 1349. A.S. bereafian.

Bipouht, part, from A.S. bepencan = remember, 482. The Fr. is —

E pur moi aueir retreit, i. e. 'and to have me brought back' viz. to mind. (Compare Fr. 1. 556

Com auant uous ai retret, 'as before I have reminded you'.) Bi-pouht = considered, devised, 698.

Blyutwharvet, part., blindfolded, 1146. The wharvet is from A.S. h fan, to turn, or the noun hweorfa, a whirl, a spool.

Boffet, sb., buffet, blow with the open hand, 1148. Fr. has— E des paumes le ferirent.

Bond, sb., bonds, confinement, 1095.

Borwe, v.a., protect, save, 822. Is not borwe in this sense derived from A.S. beorgan, though of the same form as the derivative from boryian? So the folwe of our poem is not A.S. folgian but fullian.

[Bot, v.a., pret. of bite, 1343: see note. A.S. bitan, pret. bat. lie bote hys lyppys, Emp. Oct., 1. 1070]

Bof>e, num. adj., both, 497. A line of five syllables in this metre would

GLOSSARY. 77

scarcely be tolerable; but the A.S. begen, O.Sax. bede, Du. and Ger.

beide, &c., fully warrant us in taking the word as a dissyllable. Bote, but, con;'., unless, 350, 374. Bote, but, conj. , used where we should now use the unemphatic why,

809. So «>Ua' often in Greek, as in Rom. 6. 5. Breer, ab., bud (?), 123. Breme, adj., rampant, furious, 501, 538. Bugge (for pronunciation see Sugge), v.a., buy, 1091.

Care, sb., 217, sorrow, grief, distress, — chagrin, Palsgr. Such is the true sense of this word in Early English , and not solicitude or anxiety. The phrase 'cark and care' is not simply 'acribus sollicitae mentis curis confici' (Jun.), in which case it would be a mere tautology. Thorpe's rendering of 'on cearum cwidum' by 'with anxious speeches' (Caedm. p. 269, 1. 2) does not at all express the force of the passage : it should rather be 'sorrowful' or 'lamentable'. In 1. 1509 care = doubt.

Careful , adj., sorrowful , 453.

Carfuliche, adv., sorrowfully, 203.

Camel, sb , (in this poem) a battlement, 695, 806, (823). The modern creneau — for beyond doubt it is the same word — is defined by Cham- baud 'une de ces pieces de Maconnerie, coupees en forme de dents, et separees Tune de 1'autre par intervalles e'gaux, au haut des anciens rnurs de ville ou de chateau.' So 'pinna muri' is Carpentier's ex planation of carnellus and quarnellus, and Ducange gives the same both for guarnellus and for xqivtua. But Barthius (ap. Menage) gives a very different definition: 'foramina quadrata in muris et munitioni- bus'. And so in Grassi's Dizionario Mil. Ital. creneau is given as the Fr. equivalent of 'archibusiera: piccola apertura, che si fa ne' muri per tirare coll' archibuso contro il nemico;' — only the archibusiera (archiere) is not a 'foramen quadratum', but a long and narrow slit, made perpendicularly in a wall or brattish, (see Viollet-Ie due's Mil. Arch, in the Middle Ages, Macdermott's translation, p. 40). We have then two meanings for this word: battlement and loophole. In the latter sense only is the word, in the form crenelle, used by Mons. Viollet-le-duc in the work just quoted; and in that sense we have cranel, cranal, and crenel in passages from the Romance writers quoted by Raynouard, and kerneus in the Conquest of Ireland, 1. 2350. And it is somewhat surprising to find 'battlements' given by Mr. Morton as the rendering of this word in 'ipen open kernel', and 'pe kerneaus of pe castel beotf hire buses purles', Ancren Riwle, p. 62. 'Battlements' are not windows; the sense is, 'the loopholes of the castle are the windows of their houses'. Such is also the meaning where we read of 'quatuor homines ad unumquemque carnellum custo- diendum', (document cited by Carpentier). And in the Mort Arthur, ed. Hall., p. 255,

78 GLOSSARY.

The cowntas of Crasyne

with hir clere maydyns Enelis downe in the kyrnelles Ac. Where mention is made simply of a 'mnr guernele', (and compare P. PI. Vis., 1. 3682) it is often not easy to say which kind of creneau is signified; but in Napier's History of the Peninsular War a 'crenel lated wall1 means always, I believe, a battlemented wall. And so in our poem the camels which

....... stondep vp-riht,

Wei i-planed &c.

are shown to be battlements not loopholes by the epithet in the French 'gran kerneaus' — for great size may be an advantage in battle ments, not in loopholes — and by their being on the top of the wall, 'par enson', see the lines quoted on p. 32. And in the St. Graal (vol. 2, p. 388, 1. 432) the kernels are masses of masonry one of which might fall down and kill a man, —

And as sone as vnder the $ate was he gon, On hym there fyl a gret kernel of ston, And ouercovered hym bothe toppe and to. Cast, v.a., to trace the design of, to plan, 807. Compare i-prowen, 739. Catel, sb., chattels, 990. Ches, pret. of choose, = obtained, 1317. But this abuse of the word is

simply due to the exigency of the rhyme.

Cleche, v.a., lay hold of, take, 734. Probably another form of clutch. Con, v.a., knows, understands, 555. Fr. has —

Cit kj cest ensample entail. And compare Chaucer's lines,

In alle the ordres foure is noon that can So moche of daliaunce and fair langage. Con, 387, = gon, q. v. Congraffet, 1056, imitation of the French cyrografez = confirmed, re

gistered. See Pr., pp. 54, 55. Covring (H. kevering), sb., recovery, 572.

Cudde, v. a., pret. of kype = make known, show, 756. A. S. cypan, pret. cydde. In the Moral Ode, st. 97, we have Muchele luue he us cudde; and in Judicium, p. 16, the part, occurs,

To me was that unkyndnes kyd.

Cumpas, sb., circle, 739. Compare R. Brunne's account of the Round Table: Non wist who of pan most was, For pei sat alle in compos.

Cupe-ful, sb., basket-ful, 1278. Fr. has 'duze coffins', and the Greek of St. Matthew, 14. 20, Jiodtxa xocftfovg

Dar, r.n., = par = needs, used personally, 733, V., but A. has par impersonal.

GLOSSARY. 79

Darstou = A.S. pearft pu = needest thou, 975.

Depeynted, part., coloured, 704. Fr. has depeint.

Disseysed, part., delivered, 1088; but this line is a mistranslation of the French, which is —

Ne serrai a tort deseisi, '/shall not be wrongfully dispossessed'.

Do, v.a., = make, 739.

Do, v.a., give, impart, 1427.

Drihte, sb., lord, 27. The A. S. nominative was sometimes monosyllabic, but sometimes drihten or dryhten was used, as in Tat. we find trohtin and truhtin, and in Isid. Hisp. druhtin. It follows that the final e of drihte, as perhaps representing the termination en, may be sounded, if the metre requires it.

Drouh, drouj, v.a., pret. of draw, 1344. A.S. dragan, pret. drog or droh.

Dunt, sb., dint, blow, 1161.

Eft, adv., again, 751, 1455, 1460. A.S. seft, eft.

Eisil, sb., vinegar, 1150. A.S. aisil, eisile.

Eliseu, pr.n., Elissaeus, Elisha. Between the forms Eliseu and Elisen (V.) we can easily decide, guided by the analogy of Matthew, Andrew, Bartholomew, Grew (or Gru q. v.) from Matthseus, <fcc. . Enarmed, part., armed, 1351.

End, sb.: on end = at the last, finally, 822, 973, 1011, 1224; = to the end, completely, 1064. In 1177 we have an ende = on end in the former sense; and Bunyan uses the same expression in the latter sense when Honest exclaims, 'Knew him! I was a great Companion of his: I was with him most an end.' (Pilgr. Progr., Hanserd Knollys edition, p. 297.)

Eorne, ern, v.n., run, 728, 730. A.S. yrnan.

Eorpe , sb., earth , as a fern, noun , 95.

Er pen, eon/., before that, 492. Just so in Tat., c. .17. 5, we have er thanne = priusquam.

Even, adj., just, equitable, 488, 490.

Epe, adv., easily, 1281.

Evencristen, sb., neighbour, Fr. prome (proximus) = prochain, 976.

Ever-jite, adv., always, 342. Fr. has tut tens. Everyet, which occurs also in Ancren Riwle, p. 52, seems to have as good a claim to be one word as evermore, which we have in 355.

Eyle, adv., evil, 223.

Feirlek, sb., beauty, 145, 672. See Transactions for 1862-3, pp. 46,47.

To the list of words of this form given in Mr. Fry's paper add mery-

lake, Judicium, p. 18.

Feirschipe, feirschupe, sb., beauty, 690, 747. Feore, sb., equal, companion, 483, 1091. A.S. fera, Lat. (in accordance

with Grimm's law) par.

80 GLOSSARY.

Fette, v.a., to contend with, 430. But the A. 8. fettian, with which this

fettep, if the true reading, must be connected, is not an active but

a neater verb; and its primary meaning, to sing, and hence to contend

in song, seems but ill suited to the passage before us. See note.

Fey, feij, sb., union, 467. A.S. gefeg.

Fynliche, adv., purely, 1132.

Fleschliche, adv., carnally, 1388.

Folful, v.a., complete, 561.

Folwe, v.a., baptise, 1452, 1457. A.S. fullian, fnlwian, St. Harh. fulhen,

Orm. fnllhtnenn. Fon on, v.a., = attack, 895. The same use of this word occurs in Laj.

Brut. Halliwell gives foe also as = fall in the Lane. dial. For, prep., notwithstanding, 1013. The sense is: 'But I stay not to say how, for all that, a good man may Ac.1 Compare Handl. Synoe, 1. 3162, and

In soche avenlnre y was to day That a rybawde had me borne away

For alle my knyghtys kene. Emp.Oetar , 1. 106?. And in Chaucer's Tale of the Doctor of Phisik,

This mayde schal be myn for any man. See also the Morte Arthur, ed. Hall., p. 242, 2. Forbat, v.a., forbiddeth, 1005. See Bat. Forbngge (for pronunciation see Sugge), v.a., redeem, 1090. Part, forboujt,

1206.

Fore, *6., = A.S. fa?r, fer, for: of pat fore = how \lfared with him = of

that suffering, 1156. — Or perhaps = decease, death, as the Terbs/oran

(cf. 1. 218) and /man are used = to die. (Suggested by Rer. J. Earle.)

Forlete, v.a., lose, 178.

Formest, adv., first; Fr. primes; 1140. So formate in Friesic, as an

adj., Kechtsqu., p. 40. Forschippyng, sb., deformity, C40.

Forschipte, part., deformed, misshapen, 634. A.S. forsceapen. Forte = for to = to, with an infin., 1082, 1126. Forpfare, r.n., go forth, go one's way, 218.

For-jemed, fart., gone astray, Fr.esgarer,94 7. From A .S.forpyma n = transgress. Frome, sl>., beginning: atte frome (with a negative) = at all, Grk. rii^i}*-, 1455. So frome alone is nsed in —

Frome loughe none tylle late nyght, Bot gyffen many a wofull wonnde.

Mort Arth. (Roxb. 01.), p. 4:>.

Frovere, r.n., comfort, 889. A.S. frofrian, and see Gloss Ind. Other forms from the same root with / for the first r, are Titian's fluobra and fiuobara = consolatio, tfuobiren = consolari, and jiuobar gfut = spirit us consolationis. The frouere of our text seems to be the subj., = shall comfort : compare kabbe, 928.

GLOSSARY. 81

Garysoun, sb., healing, restoration to health, 870. Eelham gives garix

in the sense of the modern gueris, and see note on J. 889. Gedering, sb., combination, union, 643. A.S. gaderuug. Get, v.a., part, i-gete, 1070. But see note. Gyn, sb., engine, ingenuity, skill, 680, 698. Lat. ingenium. Fr. has

engin in each place.

Gladynge, sb., cheerfulness, 841. Fr. has leesce = liesse. Glide, «.»., proceed (of the Holy Ghost), 1454. Pres. ind. 3. sing., glit. Godhede, sb., godhead, deity, 81. The A.S. word was godcundnys. Gome, sb., Being, (applied to God), 1512. Gon, v.n., = began, or begins; often used with an infinitive following as

equivalent to the simple verb, as in 209, 885. In the second of

these it is plainly a present tense. Goodliche, adv., excellently, 1396. Goodschipe, sb., goodness, good thing, 16, 503. In A. S. the form godnes

was nsed, and apparently not godscipe. Gostliche, adj., spiritual, 841. Gostliche, adv., spiritually, 1464. Gru, sb., Greek, 24. Compare Mandevile, p. 76, 'and there nyghe ....

is this writen in Qreto: 'O &toc <fec.'

Hat, v.a., cominandeth, 1006. A.S. haet, from hatan.

Hateliche, adj., odious, ill-favoured, 682. A.S. hatigendlic, atelic.

He, of things, 40, 738.

Helle-jates, sb., the gates of hell, 1341.

Hette, v.n., was called, 300; A.S. bet, pret. of hatan, Germ, heissen.

Hevene-blisse , sb., the bliss of heaven, 113.

Hevene-bowe, sb., Fr. larc du oiel, 743.

Hevene-driht, sb., heaven's Lord, 225, (915).

Hevene-kyng , sb., the King of heaven , 244.

Hi te, v.a., = promised (of evil), threatened, 176. Compare Pricke of

Consc., 107.

Ho, interr.pron., who, 1159, 1251. See Who. Holigost, sb., the Third Person of the Trinity, 7.

I-coren, part, of choose, A.S. gecoren, 203.

I-cussen, v.a., collateral form of lass, 58.

I-diched, adj., protected by a ditch, 674.

I-dut, part., shut, 31. From A.S. dyttan, to close or shut up: to dit — a word "still nsed in the North". (Halliwell).

[I-gete, p. a., gain, A.S. begitan, 1070, where see note. Many such by- forms, with the prefixed i- derived from the A.S. ge-, are found in LaJ. Br , Ancren Riwle, <tc., as uelen and t'ttc/c-n = A. S. gefelan, vinden and tuinden — A. S. gefindan , seli and iseli = A. S. gesariig, tfolien and tiSoUen = A.S. gepolian, &c.]

f

82

I-bear, v.a., collateral form of hear, 418. A.S. gehyran.

I-know, v.a., collateral form of know, 3ti. In A.S. cunnian has the by- form gecunnian, though cunnan apparently has none such.

I-let, part., = A.S. gdagod, made law? 169.

1 -limed, adj., famished with limbs, 624.

Hong, '"/'•.. along, 229. Hong on is here used in the sense of along of,

i. e. owing to, in consequence of, as in Shakspere's Cymbeline, 5. 5,

0 she was naught, and 'long of her it was

That we meet here so strangely.

So in Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel:

Dark Musgrave, it was long of thee. Bosworth quotes two examples of gelang on in the same sense.

Inde, sb., indigo, 712.

Inemaste, adj., inmost, 809.

Insiht, sb., understanding, knowledge, 276. The Fr. is — De bon uoleir. de grant saueir.

I-planed, part., built with a smooth face, 678, 696.

I-rud, part, of rede, to advise, 1227.

I-see, v.a., collateral form of see, 16, 556. A.S. ge-seon. Pret. i-seij, 319.

I-some, adv., together, 1418. In the Gloss. Ind. this word is derived from the A.S. gesam; but this seems not to exist as a separate word. The true derivation is shown in —

His moder and he dwellyd in same. Weber, Ipomydon, 1555. The prep, at was used in this phnise in A.S. — ealle aetsomne. Com pare Alast.

I-steled, adj, , made of steel, 1248.

I-vet, 310, = at enmity, participial adj. from A.S. / 'ah, gefah, = foe, or from the abstract fcehffe, fcegG, Is], feed, Ac. (see Bosworth) = feud, enmity. The same word occurs in Sir Perceval as fade, and in Laj. Brut as ifceied, iuceied, iued, ivetyet, &c. See Sir F. Madden's Glos sary, and Glossarial Remarks, p. 448.

I-wite, v.a., collateral form of wit = know, 67. A.S. gevritan.

Jnstise, sb., a judge (apparently), 550. But Fr. reads, e kanka justice apent. Justise, v.a., govern, 298. Compare—

Whan Arthure had his land lustised. Rob. de Brunne's Chronicle, Inner Temple MS. fol. 62, col. 1 (Pref. to llandtyng Syime, p. xxxviii).

KeTering, sb., recovery, 950.

Kineworpe, adj., royal, 14. From A.S. cyne of the same meaning.

Lajamon has the compound, like our author.

Kiripe, v.a., show, Fr. mustrat, 590, 756. A.S. cyffan. See (Judde. Kuynde, .-•/-., nature, 1179. Kuynde, adj., natural, 1044. Kuyndeliche, adj., natural, 193.

GLOSSARY. 83

Kun, sb., kind; see note on 1. 855.

Ledene, sb., language, speech, 32. A.S. lyden.

Lende, v.n., dwell, tarry, 504.

Leste, part., lost, 1058. Compare lesten in Halliwell's Arch. Dictionary.

Leve, v.a., grant, 1523.

Leve, v.n., remain, 1277. Compare —

Quen alle his men wos partutte him fro,

The knyjte lafte stille in alle the woe,

Bi him seluun allone. Sir Amadace, 33. Lintel, sb., door (?), 77. Lyvesmon, sb., living man, 1422. Lodliche, adv., grievously, 1136. A. S. ladflice. Lof-song, sb., song of praise, 29. A.S. lof-sang, 0. Du. lof-sanck, Germ.

lob-gesang, Dan. lovsang.

Lond, sb., = the earth, the world, 551, 554. Fr. has en terre twice. Lordschipe, sb., 142. Luyte, adj., little, 632.

Maat, adj., check-mated, defeated, 831, 1205. Fr. mate, which is the

modern Fr. mate. May, aux. v., = can, possum, Germ, konnen, 1 ; mowe, 23. Fr. has puet

in 1.1, poent in the latter passage.

Maystrie, sb., mastery, victory, 908; force, violence, 1098. Makeles, adj., matchless, 819. Mester, sb., business, function, 478. Fr. mestier, metier; Ancren Riwle,

meister.

Meyne, sb., main, power, 1479. Milsful, adj., full of mildness, 367, 543 (V.). Mis-bilad, part., misled, 428. Misbilevenesse, sb., unbelief, 1428. Mis-irad, part., ill advised, 427.

Mislyken, adv., in various ways, 947. A.S. misselic, missenlic. Mitte = mid pe = with thee, 399. Monhede, sb., manhood, humanity, 1244. Monkynne, 570, Monkunne, 1168, sb., mankind. Compare Caedmon's

engel-cynna = angel-tribes, p. 16, [14], and the Angelcyn = English

race, of the Angl. S. Chron. Moste = must, used elliptically, 220. Compare the lines from the fable

'Of pe Vox and of pe Wolf, MS. Digby 86,

Adoun he inoste: he wes perinne: I-kaut he wes mid swikele ginne.

Mote, expressive of a wish, 1441. See the Fr., Aient il &c. Compare also— Brun! leve 6m, wilkomen mote ji wasen! R. de F., p. 18.

So my\te is used in Av. of K. Arther, 18, 9.

f2

84 GLOSSARY.

iiungeu, i>. «., mention, 1193. A.S. myngian.

Neces, sb., nuptials, wedding, 1263. Fr. noces. Nede, neode, sb., need, 19: neode to - need of, ibid. Nempne, v.a., name, 299. Neore - ne were = were it not for, 1202 (see note), and 1391. We have the same idiom in Chaucer's Prologe of The Nonne Prestes Tale, — For sicurly, //- /• gingling of the bellis That on your bridil hong on every syde, By heven king that for us alle dyde I scholde er this ban falle doun for sleep.

Niman, v.a., used reflexively = to betake, addict, devote (oneself), 77 Fr. here is se prist. In 959 the same verb is used passively in the same sense. No, adv., 1099. No, con/., nor, 5 (A.).

Nouht, noujte, sb, , 34. The received derivation of this word as = ne a- Hit is confirmed by the expression in Tat., m uuas uuiht gitanes, factum est nihil, c. 1, 2; and, nio uuiht mer, nihil amplius, c. 1", 17. And see 1098 and 1423 of our poem, with which compare — Ector ne liked that 710 wight,

The wordis that he herd there. Mort Arth. (Roxb.CI.), p. 16. Nouper, pron., neither, 425.

Nuy, sb., mischief, annoy, 442, 553. Fr. ennui; Rom. nueia , enueia, enuey, <fcc.

0, con/'., until, 152, (1404). A.S. off. The o pal of our text is equivalent to the A.S. off pert, as in Qen. 27.45, quoted by Boswortb, and to the otfe/, atiet, affat, of the Ancren Riwle. With the present passage compare —

Thou shall buen in bondes ay

0 that .come domesday. Harrowing of Hell, (Hall.), 1. 128. and 1. 148 of the same poem.

Of, prep., in the case of, 366 (where see note), 485,646, 1260, 1281, 1326.

On, prep., = in, 74. In Piers PI. Vis., 1. 8176, we have the now usual form 'm Euglisshe', followed by 'on Englisshe' nine lines below.

On, con/., until, 472. As o stands often for on (the numeral one), so here on seems to stand for an entirely different o, viz. o — A.S. off. See O.

Oude, sb., 211, 315, 442, 902: see notes on the second and fourth of these passages. The true meaning of the word is very evident when we compare, 'pe prid sin so is onde\ Early Engl. Poems (ed. Furn.), p. 20, with 'pe pryde synne ys enuye\ Haudl. Synne (ed. Furn.), 1. 3918. The Danish form of apparently the same word is aviml = envy, rancour, spite ; and in the French of our poem, 1. 266, we have

GLOSSARY. 85

Ki par premesse le trahirent Par unt trespasser le firent.

There is also a Danish adj. ond = wicked, malignant. One, adv., alone, only, 1050. Compare Mort Arth. (Roxb. Cl.), p. 11, Whan they come by them one two Off his helme he takis thore.

So ein is used in Tat , as, In themo einen brote ni libet ther man

= in solo pane non vivit homo; Inti imo einemo thionos = et illi

soli servies. Onhod, sb., unity, 10, 1240, 1504, &c. The A.S. form was annes, annys,

or anes, i. e. oneness. In Pricke of Consc. we have anhede = this onhod. Otewyse, adj., hateful, 1151. This, and the A.S. atelic, (the hateliche of

our poem, 1. 682), seem to contain the same root as hate and Lat.

odi. The termination is the same as in the adjectives rihtwis, wrongwis,

unskylwys (Pr. of Conscience), &c. Oper, adj., second, 1479. So in A.S., and in Friesic, as — 'Secunda pe-

titio: Tbet is thiu other kest', Rechtsqu., p. 2. Over-al, adv., everywhere, 732. Old Saxon overal, Germ, iiberall. Over-flee, v.n., overflow, 849. Overgart, adv., presumptuously, 993. The same word occurs twice as a

subst. in Seinte Marherete; see Mr. Cockayne's Glossary, p. 106. Over-wrije, v.a., cover over, 716. See Wrey. Outriht, adv., entirely, quite, 283. Outjong, sb., = outgang, outgoing, Lat. exitus, 878.

Parlement, sb., conference, 897.

Pass, v.a., trespass, 1057.

Pite, sb., pity, compassion, Fr. pitie, 353.

Privete, sb., peculiar nature or power, 1263.

Pult, part., thrust, 207.

Qwarel, sb., 826, explained in Gloss. Ind. as = arrow. Is it not rather

a square or four-sided bolt for a cross-bow? Quit, adj., free, 1142. In Old Saxon kwyt, as,

Do worden wi siner ene wile kwyt,

'then were we quit of him for^a time'; Reineke de Fos, p. 12.

Rede, v.a., tell, explain, part, i-rad, 654. A.S. rsedan, part, geraeded, raed. Rede, v.a., declare, tell, 1359. Redeful, adj., wise in counselling, 612. Redesmon, sb., counsellor, 1225. Relef, sb., remainder, 1277. Fr. relef.

Reles, sb., release, relaxation, pleasure, relish, 509. Kelham gives 'Relais, release, relaxation', and in a kindred sense Chaucer uses the verb in I pray you alle my labour to relesse,

86 '.IOSSARY.

In the sense of pleasure or relish we have the subst. in II n'y a mil de tel relees

come de femme un douz baysor,

Wright's L. P., p. 9. And so in our poem. For the change of sibilant

compare Ices = leash in Chaucer, as 'holdeth in a lees', Sec. Nonnes

Tale.

Renpful, adj., rueful, sad, 197. Hue. v. a., used personally, = excite pity in, cause to pity, 540, 541.

H. has rueth impers. in each line. Tat. has riuua = poenitentia, and

R. de F. ruwe = Reue, Rummer.

Savete, sb., safety, salvation, 354, 944. Fr. sauuetez.

Saujt, sauht, adj., soft, gentle, 459, 520, and 552. Akin to this are the A.S. saeht, sahte, sahtlian, sahtnys, seft, <fec., Germ, sacht, sanft, Dn. zacht, and in Kil. saecht and sail, Da. sagte, <fec. Sauht = re conciled, 52. Compare Some.

Sauhten, v.a., reconcile, 546, 933. A.S. sehtian, sahtlian.

Sauht nesse, saujtnusse, *l>., softening (of enmity), reconciliation, 474. A.S. sahtnys. Sagtmode appears in the same sense in Rein, de Fos, p. 45, and Saghtel in Pr. of Consc., 1. 1470.

Sawe, sb., story, 619.

Say, v.n., = speak, 860. IT. has 'that God spak of.

Say, v.n., tell, 337. So secgan often in A.S.

Schaft, xf>., origin, birth, 661. A.S. gesceaft, sceaft.

Schuppare, sb., (shaper), Creator, 1510. A.S. sceoppend.

Sell, v.a., deliver, give, 344. Bosworth contends for this as "certainly the first and the oldest signification " of the A. S. syllan, Moes. saljan, &c. In the Lindisf. and Rushw. Gospels we have sealdon or saldun = dederunt, in Matt. 27. 34. And that such is the meaning in the passage before us is tolerably clear from the French —

E le prison a moi rendu,

while the writer of H. also transforms the line into — And the prisoner thou }eve to me.

Serwynge, sb., sorrow, 1390.

Set, v.a. Lawe set or i-set = positive law as opposed to moral or natural law, 170, 193.

Shall, used elliptically, 719. Many instances might be quoted of this use both of shall and of other auxiliaries; but it is most usually go which is understood, as in 1.220, in Handl. Synne, 1. 2484, and in Early Engl. Poems, 3. 33,

glad was pe deuil wol )e i-wit. for pe sorow pat he xold to. And compare p. 19. 37: also this —

Forstat dit wol, it is ju nutte, Ji sholen durhen nnde ok myn fruwe; Reineke de Fos, p. 83. But it is otherwise in p. 93 of the same poem,

GLOSSARY. 87

De Koning sprak: wat shal de rym Unde do felen unnutten word <fec.? i. e., 'What shall this nonsense meanr In the Moral Ode, 67, we have

ac pe pe nout naued ibet. wel muchel he seal beten, i. e., 'But he who has not amended, severely shall he be beaten.'

Siker, adv., certainly, 665.

Skewes, sb., clouds, 1494. Fr. nuwes.

So, conj., = as, 104, 722, 764. This use of so is not very uncommon in Early English, and is found also in Anglo-Saxon. Here are other examples from kindred dialects. '.... so is deer in der wrald naet so swetis soe dat godes ryck'; Old Frisian Laws (Westerl. Landr.).—

'Wo Reinke sprikt unde sprikt so hyr folget'; Reineke de Fos

(Old Saxon), p. 76, and on p. 101,

Ik blive hyr, so ji havven gesagd.

And, Thaz sie inan Gote giantwurtien, so iz giscriban in Gotes euuu, = sicut scriptum est in lege Domini; Tat. Harm. Evang., 7. 2.

Some, adj., peaceable, 459, 520, and 552. It occurs only in the phrase 'saujt and some'. From A. S. som, some, sb., = agreement, concord; and this is most probably connected with same. Compare i-some.

Sonne, sb., sun, as a noun fern., 101, 157. Compare earth, I. 95, and sea in Halliwell's text, p. 67.

Sore, adv., grievously, 314.

Sopschupe, sb., truth, 1020.

Soul, sb., plur. soulen, 448.

Spot, sb., spittle, 1147. A.S. spatl, under which Bosworth gives Old Germ, spot, Sw. spott.

Springe, v.n., (of the heart), break, 593. Compare —

An C tynies hys herte nye sprange. Mort Arth. (Roxb.CL), p. 127.

Stat, sb. : broujt in stat = aided, 1206. Fr. sucuruz. Compare the German idiom, einem zu Statten kominen, to assist any one.

Still, adv. The phrase stille and loud occurs twice in our poem, 994 and 1212. The more usual loud and still will be found in 0. and N., 1253, Handl. Synne, 1130, and Roxb. Cl. Morte Arthur, p. 7

(To be thy knight lowde and stille) and p. 125. And in Rein, de Fos, p. 43, we read — Ja, it sy ludbdr efte stille, It ga mi darna wo it wille!

Streonynge, sb., begetting, 1389.

Studefastschipe, sb., established virtue, cotistantia, 282.

Sugge, v.n., say, 420,423,438, <fec. A.S. secgan. In the places quoted, this verb rhymes with jugge = judge, and thus the pronunciation is determined. That the Fr. juge was not sounded with a hard g is clear from its etymology; and that the Fr. soft g was not in the middle ages sounded as at present, but rather as we sound it, and like the gg in Italian, is shown by the Greek form of homagium—

88 GLOSSARY.

itself only the Latin form of a French word — opdiCiov (Montf. Pal.

Gr., p. 424).

Sunderlyng, adv., separately, 290. Snnge, v.n., sin, 1381. Sunne-streon, sb., begetting of sons, 1462. Sunne, sb., sin, 1140. We find both this form and sone in Wright's

L. P., pp. 23, 24: 'In sunne ant sore we', and 'Sone is sotel'. Suwe, v.a., follow, 1274. Swipe, adv., exceedingly, 1039. Compare the Friesic 'te suithe" - nimis,

Rechtsqn., p. 12.

Take, v.a., give, surrender, 202. Tell, v.n., attach value, give heed, 981.

Teon, v.a., draw: hence, as a v.n., to go, 821, 877. For this transition of meaning compare the Germ, ziehen as used reflexively. But the Old Saxon form of ziehen, ten, is used exactly as in our text; e. g. Frouwe Ermelyn sprak altohand: Shole wi nu ten in ein ander land, Dar wi alende undo fromde weren ? R. de Fos, p. 100. Tyme, sb., hour, 1403. Compare the use of tyme as = month in — After was it monthes two As frely folke it vndyr stode, Or eur gawayne myght ryde or go, Or had fote vpon erthe to stonde. The iij tyme he was full thro, To do batayle w* herte and hande.

Morte Arthur (Roxb. Cl.), p. 95. Tipelynge, sb., tithe, tenth part, 1180.

To, prep., omitted before the infinitive mood when another to follows, 926 (where see note), 990, 1163, 1524. Other examples are- Marie wente away: pe monek rod nijt and day Folke to gode bringe poru pis ilke {tinge, &c.

i.e. 'folke to gode to bringe', (MS. Bodl. Digby 86, fol. 132). So in Chaucer's Monkes Tale, De Alexandro Magno,

Thay were glad for pees unto him sende, i. e. 'unto him to sende'. And in Handlyng Synne, 1. 1211,

pou art yn weye to peyne be broghte. To, prep., = for, as, 483, 506, 1091, 1424. Compare—

Tac the rode to thy staf, Wright's L. P., p. 106. To-bere, v.a., bear different ways, separate, 522; part, to-boren,^ at enmity, 49.

Compare Gr. Jtatftoiaftcti, to be at variance.

To'dreynen, v.a., prove, 974. A curious instance of the A.S. prefix to with a French verb,

GLOSSARY. 89

Tokening, sb., meaning, thing signified, 557.

To-lie, v.n., lie in an opposite direction, 1000.

Tome, v. a., turn: tornen out, 1211, = turn round, change. Fr. has —

Ta foi ne peut rien changer. Tour, sb. , turn, 1334, where see note.

To-jeynes, prep., against, 386, 1097. A.S. to-gegnes. The same word is also used in Laj. Br., Ancren Riwle, &c.; and apparently as an adverb in Rel. S., 1. 16, which I venture to read and render thus:

Ne mai no inon thar to-}eines,

nor may any man endure (thar = tharne) — or, be bold (thar = dare, f)tto()tii>') — against him.

Treatise, sb., in the introductory lines: date probably not later than 1370. Truth, sb., belief, 1207. Fr.—

Nostre creance e nostre foi.

pat, as a compound relative, = he that, or in the language of the nine teenth century, he who, 1. I do not remember to have met with another instance of the pronoun so used. There is an approach to this use in 1489, 1490, but there the lie is expressed in the latter part of the line. — pat = him pat = to him who, 708.

pat, rel. pron., supported by the personal pron., as in Modern German, Ich der ich ihn kenne; 3GO, 1046, 1129, 1283, 1322. In A.S. the pers. pron. preceded, as, Ic eom Gabriel ic pe stande beforan Gode. With the passage in our poem compare Fragm. on the Seven Sins, st. 17,

pat pott art in hit so prute. ne sal pe leue neuer a cloute, that is apparently — unless pa£ here = though — 'never a rag shall re main to thee who art so proud of it' (thy fine raiment). Yet clearer is the line in Sir Amadace, 53. 5,

I haue a dojtur, that my nayre ho isse. Compare Handl. Synne, 1. 4122, and Moral Ode, st. 147, per buff po hepenemen. pe were lawe lese pe heom nas nout of godes bode, ne of godes hese: i. e. quibus fuit nihil <fcc. And compare the common vulgarism of which thus followed by a personal pronoun: 'Inspector Deedles, wich he mite be called Needles , said to me Distink die.' Punch, Dec. 19, 1863.

pat = where?, 1. 56. In the text of this passage I have allowed pa* to stand, and regret it. I have no doubt per is the true reading: com pare 11. 666 and 748. pat is sometimes = when (as in Luke 19. 43), but never = where; for we do sometimes mark time when by a noun without a preposition (as 'I saw him last Monday'), but never place where.

[pat, rel. pr., redundant after what, 287. It is necessary to justify by examples the emendation on which I have ventured. This use of pa£ is familiar enough in the phrases who that, which that, whosoever that

90 GLOSSARY.

(which occurs as late even as Lily's Euphues), whether that, while that, as that, when that, though t/iat, //•//_// that, how that, lest that, where/ore that, if that, where that, die., all of which, and several other such, occur frequently in Chaucer, and see 11. 44, 109, 272, 442, in our poem. But it is sufficient to exemplify u-ltat that, thus. We have (1.) the two words separated, and used as a dependent inter rogative, in

I recche naught u-hat wrong that thou me profre, Secounde Nonnes Tale, and in the Prologue,

And eek in u-hal array that they were inne.

(2.) The words separated, and used as a relative, in l\\'h<it man that is norisshed by Fortune, sche maketh him a gret fool,' Tale of Melibaeus; and in the Prologe of the Chanounes Yeinan,

What mancr man that casteth him therto. And so in Handlyng Synne, 1. 4346.

(3.) The words together, used in a dependent question, in the same Prologe,

What schulde I telle

And of moche other thing what that ther was? and again (ibid.)

And in myn herte wondren I bigao What that he was, die. (4.) As in our poem, the words together, and used as a relative, —

But what that God forwot most needes be,

The Nonne Prest his Tale; and in the Tale of Melibaeus, 'Every man crieth and clatereth what that him liketh.' Many more examples might easily be adduced.] pat, art., the, 139, 1C9, 170, &c.

pat, conj., = so that, 638, 1250, as commonly in Old English. Compare — Hinze begunde to ropen do Wemodigen mid enem drovigen gelate Dot Reinke dat horde buten dem gate, R. de F., p. 37. pat, conj.: that ne = Lat. quin, 6.

pat, conj., = quin, quominus, 220, 430. Compare Handl. Synne, 1. 3546. pat, conj., until, 1412. So tlie tone = that one = until one, in the following;

Be-segitte we ware; On a day we vsshet oute, And toke presonerus stoute, The tone of owre foloys had doute,

And durst notte furthe fare. Avowynge of Arther, G4. And in Ancren Riwle, p. 64, — auh we schulen leten smecchunge vort tet we speken of ower mete. So in French quo often = jusqu'a ce que, as, Attendez qu'il vienne.

pat, conj., = though, (or though that, Chaucer's usual form), 20, and per haps 560. Compare the words of Satanas in the Harrowing of Hell

GLOSSARY. 91

(MS. Bodl, Digby 86, fol. 119),

Ihu welcomen pou be pat fulsore rewep me pou art louerd ouer al pou hauest pat pou habbe shal Heuene and erpe weldest pou pe pe soules in belle let pou be pat ich haue let me helde pat pou hanest wel mote pou welde.

So gue is used for Men gue or guoique in French; and so in Latin quod is at times almost = guamvis, as in Ter. Eun. 5. 8. 34, where see Parry's note for other examples.

pauh, conj., yet, 1296, 1504. pauh is often so used in Ancren Riwle; for example, — mi cume and mi wuniunge, panh hit punche attri, hit is ]>auh healuwinde, p. 190. Compare $it. penke, penche, v.n., think, 1, 17. A.S. ^encan.

per, adv., used redundantly with verbs, as in there is = il y a, 491, 504 (A.), 736, 740 (V.). So in Friesic, Jef ther tuene brothere send, if there be two brothers, Rechtsqu., p. 52, b. per-mide, adv., therewith, associated in it, 374. pewe, sb., servant, 763.

pewdome, peuwedam, sb., bondage, 247, 434. ping, sb., of the same form in the plur.; 5, 8, &c. On tytige see note

on 830, and compare 842. polemodnesse, sb., patience, 985. polyen, v.a., suffer, 410. A.S. polian.

pon, dem. pron., ace. of pat: bi pon = by this, by that, 1196, 1261. prillihod, sb., trinity, 9, 1239, 1503, &c. From A S. priftc = of three, third, Lat. trinus; and the abstract noun termination -had or -hod. Ormin uses primmnesse. The A.S. forms are Brines, pn/iw, &c. prow, v.a., to make circular, 739. The A.S. prawan, and the cognate

Latin torqueo, both primarily signify circular motion, purle, v.a., pierce, 1152. A.S. pirlian.

Uchone = each one, followed by a redundant he, 1228.

Underfonge, v.a., receive, undergo, 661. A.S. underfon. Fr. has recevoir.

Undernime, v.a., relieve, deliver, 1420.

Understand, v.n., serve, obey, 140, 246, 254, 953, and 1045. The sense

approaches this also in 325, 426, 566, and 1074, where it is rather,

listen, pay attention, as in Moral Ode 115, Vnder-stondet nu to me. aeidi men & earme Ic wulle telle of helle pine. & warnie ow wiff herme —

i. e. 'Listen now tome: &c.' — In other passages in our poem this

verb bears its common meaning, as perhaps in 1231. In 1131 it is

used reflexively.

92 GLOSSARY.

Unmete, adj., anmeasured, abnormal, monstrous, €34. A. S. unmtete.

Unworp, adj., worthless, J112.

Unwreste, «/>., sin, 335.

Unwreste, adj., base, wicked, 1149.

Unwrestliche, adv., wickedly, 14G8.

Unwrestschupe, sb., wickedness, 1143.

Up-broke, r.n., to burst out (with some speech), to exclaim, 457. And

compare 0. and N., 200. In German, Dutch, and Danish, are similar

compounds, but not in precisely this sense. Upnime, v.a., take up: pret., upiiom, 1488.

Weed, sb., garment, pi. weden, 547. Tat. has giuuati (= provincial Germ. gewate) = vestimentum, c. 13, 11. In 657 weed = body, as the garment of the soul. Weet, adj., wet, 1433. Besides the form wete, the A.S. wa»t and the

wate of Orm. both attest the long vowel in this word. What, int. adv., why, like yuid and if, 1061. So Wiclif writes, '\Yhat seken je hym?' Luke 24. 5. Reineke de Fos, p. 9, Wat worde sholen dar mer av wasen?

= why should there be more words about it? And in Tat., ' Was toufist thu thanne?' = quid ergo baptizas? And, 'Wib uuaz nuofis?' = woman, why weepest thou?

Wher, interr. adv., contracted form of whether, 1040. We now use whether (and where as a dialectic variety) only in dependent sen tences. In our text it asks a direct question, as in Wiclif s version of Luke 24. 26, and in The Cokes Tale of Gamelyn:

'Adam,' seyde Gamelyn, 'what is now thy reed? Wher I go to my brother and girde of his heed?' So in the Morte Arth. (Roxb. Cl ), p. 17,

'Ector,' he sayd, 'where thou it were That wonndid me thus wondir sore?'

This form occurs in Anglo-Saxon (Rask's Gram., p. 60) and Laj., and not merely 'kept its ground in Middle English till the fifteenth cen tury ,' as Sir Frederick Madden states (La}. Br., Gloss. Rem., p. 486), but occurs at least as late as Shakspere, —

Good sir, say wher you '11 answer me or no, Comedy of Errors, 4. 1 ; and Ben Jonson,

Who shall doubt, Donne, wher I a poet be?

Epigram 96. And in the western dialects it still survives, but only, as in Shakspere, as a dependent interrogative, and also with or - sive ... sive, as in Mrs. Gwatkin's Devonshire Dialogue: 'I told en, a know'd it or no, my Dame was above doing ort in a hugger-mugger manner.' As to the form, compare icer contracted from ircder in Reineke de Fos: e. g.

He konde nigt gan, wer na edder fer,

GLOSSARY. 93

i. e. 'He could not go, neither near nor far,' where wer ... edder al most = sive ... sive.

Which, adj., — qualis, 53.

Which, adj., = quantus, 110.

Who, interr.pron., 268 ; and see Ho. I have pointed out elsewhere (Trans. 1860-1, pp. 64 seqq.) that in early English who in the nom. case is used only (1.) as an interrogative, as in our poem, (2.) much more rarely as a relative under the same restrictions as the German wer. Such, it appears to me, is its use in the passage quoted (Tr. 1860-1, p. 299) by the Rev. J. Eastwood , where the who is not the simple relative but = the he that of the Auth. Vers., in other words = wer. In the next quotation (ib., p. 300) it is quite a mistake to call wo a relative: it is a dependent interrogative. 'But wo is pe formar ....

I drede ungly to sey', i.e. ' Quis autem effector sit dicere re-

formido.1 Also I would observe that who can hardly be said to have 'established itself as a relative', until it is used as such with all the facility of the Latin qui, as at present. The Siedge of Breda (1627) remains the earliest work in which I have found it so employed, and that work is the production of an Irishman.

[Who,] whom, rel.pron., used of things, 296,857,918, 1086, 1205. Com pare Shakspere's

If aught possess thee from me, it is dross, Usurping ivy, briar, or idle moss, Who, all for want of pruning, with intrusion Infect thy sap, and live on thy confusion.

Comedy of Errors, 2. 2. And in Romeo and Juliet, who is used of Juliet's lips, and of Juliet's sighs.

Wiht, sb., anything, 638. A.S. wuht, wiht. For no wiht see Nouht.

Wisdam: comp. Wreccheddam.

Wyse, v.a., direct, guide, 297.

Wysnesse, sb., wisdom, 292.

Wit, sb. : the 'wittes fyve', see 138 and note.

Wite, v.a., observe, 1256.

Wip, prep., against, 701, 826.

Wipoute, wipouten, prep., without, 4, 11, &c. The existence of the latter of these forms, like the A.S. wi&utan, shows that the final e of wtp- oute may be sounded if the metre requires it.

Wyter, adj., intelligent, 75. A.S. witol.

Wone, v.a., impair, 232.

Wone, and Woning, sb., 228 and foil., fault, defect, 'deficientia, inopia, absentia', (Lye). Though 'synne and wone al is on', 1. 233, yet the former seems rather to be positive, the latter negative.

Wone, sb., joy, delight, 528. A.S. wyn; La}. Br., wunne, wonne. But Fr. has—

De ton sen de ta vertui.

94 GLOSSARY.

World, sb., in 26, 570, 742 is used without any article preceding, like a proper name, as nunne is used in Ancren Riwle, p. 38.

Worse, v.a.; part, i-worsed = impaired, blemished, Fr. blemie, 811.

Wreccheddam, sb., wretchedness, 408. The termination -dam, which is commonly -dorn in English, (as in A.Saxon, Old Saxon, Swedish, and Danish), and -thum in Germ., appears as -duam in the thiarni- duam of Tat., = maidenhood, though the usual form iu that dialect is -tuoni, as zi uuistuome = ad sapientiam.

Wrey, wreyh, v.a., covered, veiled, 918. Fr., dont il courit sa deite. A.S. wreon, pret. wreah. Tatian's word for revelation is iiitru/annesse, with which compare the A.S. bewr/V/ennes - concealment; but how comes bewray now to signify uncover?

Sat, sb., gate, door, 699. Fr. has porte. But the original meaning of the word as simply = passage, from the verb go, is well seen in Rein, de Fos, pp. 35 foil., where it is simply a hole in a wall.

De pape hadde de nagt dar beforen

Enen fan sinen hanen foiloren,

Wente [= for] Reineke en gat hadde broken

Dorg de wand, <fec. 3elp, sb., glory, 1364. A.S. gilp. Jeme, v.a., save; part, i-jeuaed, Fr. satiuez, 448. ^if, conj., whether, num, 1074. Jit, conj., yet: = though, 1422. Compare f)auh. $ond, prep., through, 1448. A.S. geond. Jore, adv., long, 1339.

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