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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.

GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY

A SUPPLEMENT TO

MAIUVS ELEMKXTARY GEOGRAPHY

I LIBRARY of CONGRESS

, DEC 21 iyu<i

-Oooyriijiii tnuy . ZZ, IfO V CUSS /* XXc. Hot

/ On S~i r

COPY B. J

By EDWARD B. SHALLOW. A.M. District Superintendent of Schools, New York City

PREPARATORY EXERCISE I

Study Lesson II, page 4, Maury's Elementary Geography.

To the Teacher. — Board niajin and trail maps should be /'laced on tin north wail, if possible, a i whatever inconvenience, in order to prevent confusion in points of tht compass. He sun that each pupil can point readily to >l" four principal directions from il" class room, In /;,,•< a study of relate dirrriimi <>/ /dans and /■■nuts of interest is taken up.

LESSON I I (raw a plan of i he top of

N

W

1'ut on this plan L< Bhowing which side is aort h . which s i d e i - tth, which side iii<! which Bide is v.

Place the fig-

ure 1 on your plan to show where the ink well is on your desk. Xow write the figure 2 in any other place ou your plan. Place a book on your desk where the figure 2 is on the plan. In what direction from the ink well is the book ? Place a ruler on your desk where the figure 3 is on the plan. In what direction from the ruler is the ink well ?

Seat Work. Draw a picture of the compass i p. I. Maurj 's Elementary Geography i,and turn the letter "N" to north side of the room. In what direction is the teacher's desk from your -•

LESSON II Draw a plan of your school room. Indii by letter-, on your plan, the four chief direc- tion u here i lie teacher's desk is. I Iraw a plan of one floor, or a part of oneflo

of your sol I house, Bhowing your sol 1 r<

and the thre "four rooms nearest to it, and the

halls and cloak rooms near bj .

Seat Work. Draw on paper a plan of your Bel l room

and of i in' ' or foui nel liboring r i i

blue; of the next r a pink; of the next room

yeUow, etc.

1 COI puny.

Which is the smallest borough ? It contains

LESSON III

Here is a plan, or map, of the city in which you live. What is the name of this city ? New York is so large that it is divided into differ- ent parts, just as the floor of a house is divided into rooms. But there are no walls to separate the parts. On the map, these parts, or boroughs, are shown by different colors.

more people than any other borough.

Which is the largest borough? It is six times as large as Manhattan.

What borough lies south of Manhattan Bor- ough ? It is five times as large as Manhattan.

In what direction from Manhattan Borough is the Borough of Richmond ? It is three times as large as Manhattan, but it contains fewer people than any of the other boroughs.

PLAN OF THE CITY

123

In what direction from Manhattan Borough is the liorough of the Bronx ? It is twice as large as .Manhattan.

Seat Work. Make a list of the boroughs in the ordei ol their size, or area. Put opposite each a figure showing how man; times it contains the area of Manhattan Borough. I. earn to siiell the names of the boroughs.

LESSON IV

On what street is your school ? In what direc- tion does the street run? Name some other streets thai run in the same direction. When vim leave your school, if you walk to the right,

and southeast for a pari of its way. How do the cross streets of Manhattan run ? Find some streets in Brooklyn that run almost north and south. Find a place in this borough where the streets curve.

Seat Work. Draw on paper a mi r the school neighbor- hood like i he nne that was draw Q on the hoard in class. Show the directions and the names of the street-.

PREPARATORY EXERCISE II

Study Lessons V, XIX, XXII, and use maps pages 28, 32, 38, Maury's Elementary Geography.

Brooklyn Bridge from Bast Uu

what is the tirst street that you come to? If you walk to the left, what is the first street ? In what direction do these two streets run ? In what direction from school is your home ? What is the nearest car line to your school ? If von get into the cars on that line in what direction may you go ? Where will they take you ? Eave yon ever been to Brooklyn Bridge, or Conej Island, or G rant's Tomb ? Poinl toward some places which you have visited in the city.

Draw on the hoard a map, or plan, of the neighborhood of your school, showing three streets in each of the four direct ions. Show oorl h, south, east and we-t by letters on your map.

1 Mi pages 11 1 and I 15 is another map of the

City of New York. It does no| show all of each borough as the map on page 122 does, bul it shows how some of the most important streets run. Find a street in Manhattan that runs oorthwesl

LESSON V

Turn to page 28. Find North America. What ocean is east of it ? Turn to page 3"2. Name the three- largest countries in North America.

American hoys and girls are proud of their country. It is called the United States of Vjnerica. The largest city in it is New York City. It is the second largest in the world.

<>n page 32 look in the northeastern part of the CTnited States for the name New York. Un- der the name is a do1 like this ©. It represents the city. In what direction is it from Boston? Prom Washington? From I bicago?

Turn tn page 38. The differenl portions of the United States which you sec represented in differenl colors are called Btates. Each state is a part nt" the United States, as each room is a part of a house. Find NeM Ym k State. Find

124

I! I K I) ' S - E Y E V I E W

BIRD'S-EY E V 1 EW

125

ti>

****

New York City. In what part of New York State is it? Near what other two states is it? Near what ocean is it ?

Seat Work. Write answers to these questions : 1. In what hemisphere is New Vint City? -. In what continent is it ? :s. In what country is it ? 4. In whal state is ii ? .">. Near what other two states is it ? 6. Near what ocean is it 1

PREPARATORY EXERCISE III

Study Lessons VI, VII, IX, Maury's Elemen- tary Geography.

LESSON VI

This is a picture of part of New York City as it might seem to a bird flying high in the air

over New York Bay, and looking toward the city. Itis called a bird's-eye view.

The Hudson River can be seen on the left. What is it called near its mouth ? What other river enters New York Bay ? Be- H een these rivers is .Manhattan Island. Hast River is really not a river, bui a long strait. What sound does it con- nect with N e w York Bay?

In New York Bay find Bedloe's Island. Not all of the island can be seen in this \iew. It is often cal 1 ed Liberty Island because of

the statue on it. This statue is called Liberty Enligh

ing I lie World. It shows t0 ai| the

pei iple who come

126

MAP STUDIES

over the seas to New York that we are free and that we love liberty.

What island is near Bedloe's Island ? Ellis Island is where many of the people who come from foreign lands to live in our country are received.

Find Governor's Island. Find Castle Wil- liam. Near Castle William is Fort Columbus.

Find a long, narrow island in East Eiver. What is its name ? Find Ward's and Randall's islands. These islands are part of Manhattan Borough.

Find Brooklyn on the bird's-eye view ; find it on the map, page 122. Find Long Island City on the view. In what borough is it ? (map).

Find two bridges connecting Manhattan Bor- ough with the Borough of Brooklyn (view). Across what island will the bridge connecting Manhattan Borough and Long Island City pass ?

Find Harlem Eiver. A ship canal has been cut connecting Harlem River with the Hudson. Find Hell Gate. It is a narrow strait.

Seat "Work. With books open, make lists of : a. The islands in the Upper Bay; 6. The islands in East River; c. The bridges connecting parts of New York City.

LESSON VII

Turn to page 49. Find on the map, at the top of the page, a large island that belongs to New York State. What is its name ? Two of the boroughs of New York City are on the western end of this island. Turn to your map, page 122, and find which boroughs are on the western end of Long Island. Which borough occupies one long and several smaller islands ? Which bor- ough occupies a pear-shaped island ? The island occupied by Richmond Borough is called Staten Island.

What sound separates Staten Island from New Jersey on the west ? What strait and bay on the north ? What strait separates Staten Island and Long Island ? With books open bound Staten Island.

Name four forts on the Narrows.

Find Swinburne Island. There is a hospital on this island to which people who have con-

tagious diseases on incoming ships are taken to be nursed.

Where is Hoffman Island ? People who have been exposed to contagious diseases on incoming ships are kept at Hoffman Island until all danger of their giving these diseases to other people is over. Such a place is called a quarantine station.

Find Coney Island ; Sheepshead Bay ; Jamaica

Bay. What peninsula is south of Jamaica Bay ? Find Flushing Bay ; Pelham Bay.

Where is Central Park ? Find Van Cortlandt Park. Name the other parks that you find on the map.

Find Jersey City on the map. On the view, pages 124 and 125, find part of Jersey City and Hoboken. Which is the farther north ? These cities are in the State of New Jersey, and have separate governments, but they are parts of the great settlement at the mouth of the Hudson River, most of which is called New York City.

Seat Work. 1. Make a list of the cities at the mouth of the Hudson. 2. Make a list of the boroughs of New York City. 3. Make a map like the outline map on this le>~ on. Make your map as large as this page. Write on it the names of the boroughs, bays and rivers.

PREPARATORY EXERCISE IV

Study Lesson VIII, page 11, Maury's Elemen- tary Geography.

NATURAL SURF A I E OF NKW 10 RK

i-r,

LESSON VIII

When the first white people visited the region which is now New STork Citj they found sandj beaches and wooded hills.

The soul hern end of Manhattan Island was cov- ered with sand like the sand on the seashore. Just north of this were wooded slopes with springs and streams. In this section to-day man] of the cel- lars have to be dug deep to 1 he rock below, and heavy concrete foundations have to be put in i" I'i'st the liu ildings on; for some of the old springs still flow under- ground below the st reets and houses.

Where the Tombs Prison now stands there was a great pond which was thought to be haunted by the spirit of an Indian who could be heard paddling there at night. The whites dug a canal to drain this pond. The canal has been filled up, and a street called < lanal SI reet now occupies ace.

Around the pond the hill- began and i he surface

1 ame more and more uneven toward the

northern pari of the island and the Bronx. Over

-■■ regions were hills of hard, gray rock, with

valleys between, which were covered with tree-.

When cellan or tunnels are made in the-e neigh-

borh I-. men have to drill boles and blasl the

rock i

Many ages ago, great masses of ice called moved over this rock, scratching it. and

rounding it off. In Central Park and the parks of the Bronx, scratches made by the glacier can be seen on some of the rocks, and big stones be found there which were dropped by the ice u hen it melted.

Across Long Island and Staten Island there are hills made of earth dropped by the glacier as it melted. Prospect Park reservoir is on one of these hills. Find the forts at the Narrows. Thej are built on glacial hills.

Prom t his it will be seen that the land where the Boroughs of Manhattan. Brooklyn and the Bronx now arc. was not le\ el be- fore the city was built upon it. But men want graded streets and level ground for stores, ware- houses and factories, so in many places where houses have been built and strei

made, the hills have been cut down and the valleys have been filled.

Look at the bird's-eye \ iew, page 124. Does M a n halt a n look hilly? Are there any steep hills near where youlive? Have you ever any hilly plai e in the i • i i y ?

Seat Work. I. In which part ol Manhattan Is the Island made of hard rock ? _'. In which pari are there underground and streams? 3. Whal used to be where Canal Street i- now - I. Whai i- a glacier? B. What is there In Manhattan to show where the glacier moved .- ■'.. Whal did the glacier leave In Brooklyn ? 7. Where else are there lulls left by the glacier .-

PREPARATORY EXERCISE V Study Lesson XX, page 27, Maury' Elemen- tary Geography.

e in Bronx Park,

128

THE MANEA1TAS

LESSON IX

Turn to the map on page 29. Find Europe. In what direction from the continent of Europe are the British Isles ? Turn to the map on page 91. The different colored portions of this map represent different countries. Find the British Isles, France, Belgium, the Netherlands. The Netherlands is often called Holland. Turn to page 95 and find a picture of some country people who live in Holland. All the people who live there are called Dutch. Turn to the map, page 91, and find the strait between France and the British Isles ? Into what channel does this strait lead? If a ship sails from the Netherlands through the Strait of Dover and the English Channel, into what ocean does it pass ? What city do you know whose bay opens into the Atlantic Ocean ? Turn to the map on pages 28 and 29, and, with your pencil, show how a ship could sail from the Netherlands to New York.

Turn to the map on page 89. The different colored portions on this map are parts of the country that is called the British Isles. What is the pink part call im:1 ? In England the people speak the same language that we use and have ways very much like ours. Our language is called English, al- though the people livingin the United States are called Americans.

,./, of Manhattan; i Fort New

by a Dutch OffiCI r ><>'■ r 250 >j( are ago.

Seat Work. 1. What are the people in the United States called V 2. What language do they speak ? 3. What are the people in England called ? 4. What language do they speak ? 5. What are the people in Holland called ? 6. What part of your room is toward Holland from you ? 7. By what other name is Holland called ?

LESSON X One fine day in September, 1609, a queer, clumsy-look- ing ship, fly- ing the Dutch flag, entered the Upper New York Bay. She was the " Halt- Moon, " sent out from a town named Amsterdam.

Tlie "Half Moon."

in Holland, by a company of mer- chants called the Dutch East India Company. Her captain was an Englishman named Henry Hudson.

A tribe of In- dians called the Manhattas were on the island of Manhattan. They were very much frightened when they saw the "Great White Bird," as they called the ship. They ran to the shore to see the curious flying boat and the pale-faced men on board. When they found that there was no danger they swarmed about the "Half Moon " in their canoes, making friendly signs, and eager to get on board. Hudson gave them a number of things, such as axes, saws, knives, shoes and stockings. They did not know what the stockings were for, and began to use them for tobacco pouches.

n Billageof the ManliaUas.

PUK CHASE OF MAXHA1IAS ISLAND

129

Hudson soon sailed back to Amsterdam, but a few years later a company of merchants in the Netherlands sent out some traders to the new land, which they called New Netherlands. The traders built a fort and a few huts at the southern end of Manhattan Island. But they did not try to settle the land. They had come only to trade with the Indians. The trade was good, and so nine years later another company, called the West India Company, was formed. This company meant to trade with the Indians. too, but they also wished to build a town. So they -'Hi settlers to the new country.

One ship sent by the West India Company brought thirty Belgian families railed Walloons. They brought with them domestic ani- . seeds and Some of the Wail I- unit to

_\ c w .1 e rse y a nd some went to Con- necticut. Eig lit joined the settle- on .Manhattan Island.

Soon other came over with I Mitch families, and so a Dutch i i was started hi

Find tie- Navy Yard. On thai spoi some

Walloons the first white settlement in

■ klyn. From them the bay which you can

see ih. -,-c was named Waal l><«iht which means Walloons bay. In time this name changed to Wallabout and ao we call ii \\ allaboul baj .

Seat Work. (Answer each question with e 1. Who were the fli tbltante of Manhattan [slam

!. How many'.. i I the white i pie lii-i to

Manh lountry rliti they i ome - I.

at waters 'li'l th .'.. In what kiml of

them 1 :. w ho was their

captain? B. From whal country was he? S. What was the

new land called? 10. Whal \v»> the Wesl India Company

f.rnvl for? 11. Wha the i pie whom the

!-'. Wli. •■ ettle-

77.. pun

LESSON XI

The first ruler thai the white | pie of New

Netherlands had was Peter Minuit, a sturdy old fellow who had worked for the East India Company a long time, and who was sent over from Ilolland to govern the Dutch settlers.

Before Minuit came the Dutch settlement of Manhattan was only a trading post for Indians at the south end of the island. Minuit bought the whole island from the Indians for a few- glittering trinkets worth twenty-four dollars. In this way the Dutch got about twentj thousand acres of land which is now the most valuable

land in America, and is worth a h u n d r e d m i 1 1 i o n limes what they paid for it. They called the settle- men i New Amster- da m.

For a long time the trade of New Amsterdam was in furs, and to-day the -cal of New Yoik City, which is stamped by the ma \ o r on legal

papers, reminds us of this fact. It has engraved upon it a beaver, in mem- ory of the furs which lirst brought wealth to the set- tlers ; an Indian who rep- resents the lir-i persons with whom i he New York merchants traded, and a sailor who represent - t heir commerce with Europe.

Seat Work. 1. Who er Minuit? 2. From whom

iliil the Dutch buy Manhattan ? 3. Whal did they pa ii worth now? 5, Whal trade was ried on in New Amsterdam 1 >'<. Tell whal New York City.

130

T II K DITCH GOVERNORS

Tin first fen y front Manhattan to Long Island —Cattino /'« ferryman from his plow.

LESSON XII There were only two roads on the island of

Manhattan when the town of New Amsterdam

was built. One of them led across the island,

where Stone and Pearl Streets now are, to the

ferry to Long Island, where Peek's Slip now is.

There the traveler blew a horn hanging from a

tree, and then

the farmer

who served as

f e r r y in :i o

would leave

his plow and

eome running

to row the

boat across. The other

road w e n t

north, where

Broadway now is, among beautiful farms as far

as what is now Park Row. It was not a street at

all, but a wide road, or "wegh,"&s the Dutch

called it. The English word for this is "way."

and so it happened that when the road did be- come a street it was called by its old Dutch name, " Breed wegh." The English first called

it "the Broad Way." but after a while the "the" was dropped and it became " Broadway." The settlers built a strong stockade, or wall, where Wall Street now is, to protect them against attacks from the Indians.

Several canals or ditches were dug, such as the Dutch people had been accustomed to in old Amsterdam across the ocean.

Not long after the houses were built around Fort Amsterdam, other little settlements were begun in low places near the water. Find the Harlem River (page 122). A settlement on its banks was called Harlem and the northern part of Manhattan is called Harlem to this day.

Find on the map, page 144, New Utrecht ; Flatlands. Here there were little arms of the sea. Find Bnshwick. Through this region ran a creek. On all these low places the Dutch made settlements, because such low-lying lands reminded them of the lowlands in their old Holland home.

Seat Work. 1. What i wo roads had the Dutch settlers i 2. How was the Long Island ferry run ': -\. How did Wall Sunt get its name? 4. What settlement was made hy the Dutch in Northern Manhattan? 5. Name three settlements made on Long Island.

LESSON XIII New Amsterdam was ruled for six years by Peter Minuit. During this time many settle- ments were made on Long Island, Staten Island, in New Jersey, and along the Hudson.

The second governor was Wouter Van Twiller. He ruled four and a half years.

After him came Wilhelmus Kieft, who ruled ten years. He was a small, quarrelsome man, who made harsh laws and kept the colonists

almost con- stantly at war with the In- dians. He did much, how- ever, to make New Amster- dam beauti- ful ; for he planted trees, made better streets, and built stronger houses.

Then came

/',/.;■ Stuyvesant.

Peter St uyvesant. He was a Dutch soldier who had lost a leg in the wars. His wooden leg was clamped around with silver rings, and so the people called him "Old Silver Leg."

He owned a farm, or Bauerie, as the Dutch called it, below Fourteenth Street, and the road through this farm was called the Bauerie Lane. When the road became a street the word "Lane" was dropped, leaving its name "The Bowery." This is why even to-day we always use the word "the" before Bowery.

Stuyvesant had schoolmasters sent from Hol- land and the first public school in the United States was begun here more than two hundred years ago.

Seat Work. 1. Name the four Dutch governors of Xew Amsterdam. 2. How did the Bowery get its name ? 3. What good thing did Stuyvesant do for the colonists ?

II () M E L I F E I N N E W A M S I E R 1> A \I

131

LESSON XIV

A READING LESSOX

The town of New Amsterdam looked very much like the Dutch towns of Bolland.

The fronts of the bouses h ere of wood or stone, and ill" ends contained checker work of black and yellow Dutch brick. The roof was made of tile, and generally there was on it a rooster which turned about as the wind blew. On the doors were i'.Lr brass knockers.

In the gardens grew early and late flowers, and apples, peaches, and pears, whose blossoms per- fumed the air i n springtime. Gat he ring the fruit in the fall mad" work for lit- tle Hans. Ivitrina. and < rretchen.

"times

the colonists had troubles among themselves, or with the Indians, but generally they led peaceful, happy They had good things to eat and to drink, and they wore warm, comfortable clothing.

After his day's work was dime the father sat

on h - n len stoop in summer, or in front

of bis huge fireplace in winter, placidly smoking

his long-stemmed pipe, and telling stories to a

group of sturdy children, while his wife worked

er spinning wheel.

The clothing they wore would seem queer to

ow. On Sunday morning, when the Dutch

burgher went to church, hi- head was covered

with a powdered wig and over thai there h

wide-brimmed hat, looped uj ach side with

Two rows of Bilver buttons shone brightlj on iiis long coat, and around each pockel was a trimming of Bilver lace. Hi vel Ice.', i . . ended at the knee in long black silk kiirj-. Id- low -e hi shoes were adorned with silver buckles.

3 it, ', /,,-./.... „■,//< i,.

II,. r/ablt ■ ■>i>i climb.

The lady's dress was even finer. Her hair was curled, frizzled, and sprinkled with powder. Her rich gown was cut away in front to show an embroidered silken petticoat. Her feet wen' covered with silken stockings and dainty low shoes. Instead of a hat or a bonnet, she wore a colored hood of silk. She wore plenty of tings and lockets, and her Bible and psalm hook hung from her belt by a golden chain.

( )f course the [ r people did not have such fine

clothes. The men wore loose blouses and home- spun breeches, and the women had linsey woolsey gowns and petticoats, and deep poke bonnets.

Dutch wives and daughters were skillful cooks and were always scrubbing and cleaning. Their floors were usually covered with sand brought from the seashore at Coney Island.

On the walls hung pictures of the burgher's ancestors, or of hunting scene-, ami long pipe-.

1 1 i Manhattan. Brentano l

T/,< govet ■ ■• i \urch a, ii" fort.

each hearing the name of its owner. Ill the hall 1 a great Dutch (dock with the family anus on its ease. Straight-hacked chairs and str<

tahles stood stiffly ale. in. There were i UO forks, and not much glass or ch oinc families had silver pitchers, waiters and howl-. They had no lamp-, hut made can eit her in tin mould- or l,\ dipping. These

carried ahout in bra pper candle--'

Thej had few carriages. People traveled mostly on horseback — the man in front ami

132

NEW AMSTERDAM BECOMES \E« YORK

the woman on a cushion behind him. They had sleighs, and many were the sleighing excur- sions through the woods to the Bowery, or Har- lem, or over to Brooklyn or even to Flatbush or Bushwick. ending, perhaps, in a dance.

Man y holidays were cel- ebrated in the settle- in en t of New Am- ste r dam . The Dutch keptChrist- mas, New Year's Day

Stuyvesant 1 11 ■< . 7'Ai Eng- lish named it the White Hall.

and Easter. The children rose early on Christmas morn- ing to find what St. Nicholas had left in their stockings. Later in the day they went skating on the ponds. On New Year's Day people called on their friends and feasted at well-filled tables.

Seat Work. Have the pupils write compositions based on the pictures accompanying this chapter.

LESSON XV Now the Dutch had been living in New Am- sterdam about fifty years, and during that time the English also had made a number of set- tlements in places not far away. About this time the English king. Charles II, gave to his brother, the Duke of York, a great deal of land in America, including parts of what are now Connecticut and New York. It is true that King Charles did not really own this land, but in 1664 some English soldiers came to New Amsterdam to take possession for the Duke of York.

Stuyvesant tried hard to make the Dutch colonists do something to keep the English out. He stamped through the streets, calling to his countrymen to drive the enemy into the sea. But as governor he had refused to give the col- onists any rights in the government, and they hoped for better treatment from the English, so they would not do anything to save the town. Therefore Stuyvesant had to surrender. The flag of the West India Company fell from Fort Am- sterdam, and up went the flag of England over the fort, whose name the English changed to Fort James. They also changed the name of the whole colony to New York.

For a time the English ruled so kindly that the Dutch colonists were glad of the change. They were given a larger share in the govern- ment, and their opportu- nities for making money increased. The wind- mill and the barrel on the city seal tell of a law that the English made which was good for the city. By this time there were many farmers liv- ing near New York City and on the banks of the Hudson. This law re-

Pearl Street under the Dutch

iThe pictures on this page are from The Canal h> Broad

quired all these farmers to bring their grain to New York to be ground into flour. This helped

N K \V YORK IX THE EEVOLl'TIO X

133

*. I?<ir, nswoot Borough, of Queens.

to make the city rich. New streets were added, which were given English names, such as Green- wich and Whitehall, and more people came from England, so that the town did not seem so much like a Dutch town as formerly.

So X e w York grew and prospered for ah out a h u n d r e d years. Then its citizens united with the men of the other colo- nic s in d e - claring that they would no longer serve

the king of England, but would be free and independent.

At Bowling Green there was

a leaden statue of the English

king. The people pulled it

down and made bullets of it to

fight the king's troops with.

The name of Crown Street

.\</. l Broadway,

was changed to Liberty Street, before the Revolution. because king- wear crowns, and the people wanted nothing to remind them of the king. On the seal of the city of New York was a crown which stood for the authority of the king. This was taken off and the Amer- ican eagle which you see on the seal was put there in its stead.

Then came a war with the king of England. It was called the Revolution. In the second year of this war a battle called the Battle of Long I-land was fought in what, is now the bor- "u'h of Brooklyn. There is a large bronze tab- let in Prospect Park to show where the battle was fiercest.

After this battle, the Americans were forced to retreat from New York. The English took pot session of the town and held it for seven years. It was the British headquarters during the whole Revolution. After tin- Americans bad won their

freedom the English held New York as long as they could, but finally they sailed away, and the American soldiers under George Washington took possession. They hauled down the British Hag and hoisted the stars and stripes on the 25th day of November, L783. For this reason No- vember 25th is called Evacuation Day and is still celebrated every year by certain men.

Seat Work. 1. About how long was New York under Dutch rule? 2. About bow long was it under English rule? 3. Which rule did it escape from by fighting?

4. Which rule did it escape from by refusing to fight?

5. What reason did the colonists have for wanting a cha from each of these European governments ?

PREPARATORY EXERCISE VI Study the paragraphs on History and Govern- ment, Lesson XXVII, page 11.

LESSON XVI Six years after the Revolu- tionary War was ended, the Constitution of the United States was adopted and George Washington was elected the first president.

There is a beautiful statue at the conicr of Broad and Wall Streets, that shows where Washington took the oath thai he would govern the country just- ly . In Wash- i n g t o n Square, where Fifth Avenue begins, is a splendid me- morial arch in

No l Broadu ay to dayi a ptti t of B

honor of this event. New York was then the

Capital of the country. What is the capital now?

After the Revolution the town grew fast. P

came to be a large town for I hose times. ,i el for

every one |ier-on in New York t lletl t 1 le IV a re

one hundred and fifty people now. J; is a common sigh - a good building being

134

SIZE AND POPULATION

torn down in order that a bigger one may he put in its place, and in all the outer parts of the city new houses are being built, and new streets

LESSON XVII

Did you ever hear a fire alarm, or a patrol gong, or an ambulance bell ? Did you ever notice how quickly a crowd gathers at such a sound ? There are so many people in the city that a great crowd can be collected in a moment at almost any spot.

New York City extends over two hundred

WocAs of Iwusee. Fifth Avenue, ManlLOttan, oit Easter Sunday. Peopleon tkeir way to church.

This has been going on stead-

DENSITY OF POPULATION

are being laid

ily for more than a hundred years.

Until 1873 New York City included only the island of Manhat- tan. Then the Bronx was added. In 1897 Brooklyn, Richmond and Queens, with all the cities, towns, and villages that they con- tained, were added also. The towns on the west side of the Hudson, which really form part of the same settlement, just as much as Brook- lyn does, cannot be made parts of New York City because they are not in the same state. In what state are they ?

Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn.

thousand acres of land, and contains three and a half million people. If all these people were to

divide the land equally,

Seat Work. 1. What used Populat

to be the capital of this country? 2. What is the capital now ? 3. What borough was first called New York City? i. What borough was added next ? 5. What boroughs were joired to New York in 1897?

every person would have a square lot about fifty feet on a side. II o w w i d e is you r school room ?

But the land is not equally divided, and the people are not evenly scattered on it. The map on this page shows what parts of the various boroughs are closely built up, and where there are few houses. Except at the northern end, and where there are parks, the whole of Manhat- tan Map. tan Borough consists of solid blocks of houses, many of them among the tallest buildings in the world. In what other boroughs are there neighborhoods

THE PEOPLE

135

like this ? Where the shading is gray, the houses do not stand so close together. Many of them have grounds around them. And generally a family lias a whole house, instead of living in a flat or apartment, or even in a single room, as so many people do in the crowded parts of the city. The light-colored parts show where the city is really like the country, with gardens and fields, and a house here and there.

In what boroughs are there these country-like regions ?

Compare the different boroughs on the map, page I'M. Which is the smallest borough ? Which contains the most people ? In which, then, must the people be most crowded ? Which is the largest ugh ? Has it many people ? Which bor- ough ranks second in size ? Which ranks second in population?

Seat Work. Make a list of the boroughs in the order of their - Be. Make a list of the boroughs in the order of Their population.

LESSON XVIII

How many people are there in the city ? (Page L34.)

How many people do yon know- who were born in other c, uhi ries ? More bhan one-third of I he

people in the city were born in for- eign coun- tries. Each year thou- sands of }jeo- ple come to this country from Europe because they think they

Colonial mansion, Astoria, L. /.. Borough Of Queens. Homes lit. thosi in th* country.

can make more money and live better here than in their old homes. Do you know any Germans in

New York City ? The Germans here came from a country in Eu- rope called Germany. Only two cities in (ier- many have more Ger- man people living in them than New York- has. Do you know any one from Ireland 'i Only two cities in Ire-

Yurds of /touses in Manhattan when famllh ; livi in each house.

Si iii ral

Ponst Avenue, Tlu Bronx. Houses wltert tltt peopU /touses and s/tady atietls til

Market gardening on Stolen Island, Borough oj '

land have more Irish inhabitants than .\< •.■. York City ha

When a foreigner conns to New York he likes to live near people who speak his lan- Therefore we find whole neighbor- hoods filled with the people of one nationality. On the ea I side of Manhal tan I he Germ

130

THE PEOPLE

live. Between the Bowery and the East River, are thousands of Polish and Russian Hebrews. The Chinese have a colony in the neighborhood of Mott and Pell Streets, Manhattan. On some of their festival days many brightly colored lan-

Markeiing in Hester Street Manhattan.

terns may be seen swinging from the windows, and strung from one house to another. There are several Italian colonies in Manhattan; one at Mulberry Bend, one near Washington Square, one in Harlem, and one in the Bronx. If you were in one of those neighborhoods you could almost imagine yourself in a land across the sea. The people speak their own language. The older people dress as they used to at home. They even keep their own holidays.

People who live together in this way do not learn the English language and American ways very quickly. But they send their children to the schools to learn these things.

Great ships come up the Bay every week with people from other lands. These people have brought all they own and all their money with them. Some have all their possessions packed into one or two bundles which they can carry on their backs. Where do they land? (P. 126.) What is done with those who have contagious diseases? (P. 126.) If one of these immigrants has no money he is sent back to his own coun- try. But if he can support himself and his

family he is brought over to the Battery and allowed to remain here.

Many immigrants are met by their friends. There are also societies of people who look after these newcomers until they find friends or work.

A great many of the immigrants stay in the city, while others pass through the city and seek homes in the western part of our country.

The city is constantly growing also because people come from all parts of the United States to make their homes hen'.

Besides the people who move to the city to live, there are in Manhattan every day many thousand visitors. There are hundreds of hotels filled with these visitors, who come to buy things, to see pictures, to hear music, or to go to the theatres, or perhaps only to see the great city itself. These people are called the floating population.

Manhattan has also a large daily population that does not sleep in the borough at night. Every morning on all the railroads running into Jersey City and Hoboken and coming from the

Mulberry Street, Manhattan. Sen many famUiet 'ivt in each house. The street is croivded with wagons and push-carts, from which people are buying goods and provision*.

north into the Grand Central Station, and en all the trolley lines coming into Manhattan, and on all the ferry boats from Staten Island and Long Island and New Jersey there are great crowds of

STREETS

13?

Tilt

Waldorf-Astoria : a bi<j hotel. with th* six-etory home.

people who come to Man- hattan to

\v ork, but who go back to their homes in the other bor- oughs, or in neighboring t o w n a a 1 night. All through the afternoon and evening these crew ds may be seen returning to i heir homes.

Seat Work. (Composition.) Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics: i. Tell of someone whom you know who came to New York from a foreign country, and tell what you know of the difference between Ids former home ami his present home. u'. Tell about some neighborhood that you know in Kew York where many foreigners live. 3. Write a letter from an immigrant Just arrived in New York to some friend at home. i. Describethe handsomest house or building that yon have seen in New- York.

LESSON XIX

Manhattan. — In the southern end nf Man- hattan Island, in what was old New York, the strecN are very irregular. Find IVarl St reel on the map, page 140, and trace it from one end tn the other. There was no plan or order in the naming of the streets in olden times, [f ;, person knew where Beaver Street was. theknowl- did nol help him to find Pearl 81 reet.

About a hundred years ago a plan was made

to layout, all new streets so that it would be

■ r to gel about the city, and there would

be no mure crooked streets like those made in

Old times. 'The streets running north and south were called avenue-, and those running east and

west were called streets, and both avei - and

streets wen- to be known by numbers instead of bynames. The new plan was started just north of Houston St reet, but in Greenwich Vill

west of the Bowery and south of Fourteenth .Street, some irregular si reet s had already been made, and these were left unchanged.

Above Fourteenth Street the streets are reg- ular. Beginning on the east side, the avenues are numbered all the way across the island- First, Second, Third, Fourth, etc. — so that if you know where Third Avenue is you can easily find Fourth. (Map, page 144.)

Parts of some ot the numbered avenues are called by other names. Above iStid Street Fourth Avenue changes

its name to Park Avenue, and between 59th and HOtli Streets Eighth Avenue is called Central Park West. Above Central Park Sixth Avenue is called Lenox Avenue, and above 59th Street. Ninth Avenue becomes Columbus Avenue, Tenth Avenue is Amsterdam Avenue, and Eleventh Avenue is West Paid Avenue.

St. Nicholas Avenue runs northwest from 110th Street to Inwood. Manhattan Avenue is between Eighth and Columbus and runs from lOtltli Street to St. Nicholas.

The cross streets which run east and west, are also numbered — for example, 8th, 9th, 10th, etc. Above Washington Square, Fifth Avenue is the dividing line between the east and the west parts of the cross streets. For instance, east of Fifth Avenue Fourteenth Street is East Fourteenth : west of Fifth Avenue if is "West Fourteenth.

"Where the island is wider, new avenues were made as the city grew. East of First Avenue these new avenues were lettered in regular order,

Avenue A, B, ('and 1». New avei - between

numbered avenues were named Lexington and Madison.

Broadway is the great street of Manhattan, and it was not changed in the new plan. It runs from Bowling Green nearly due north as far as Tenth Street. There it turns northwest and goes diagonally across all the avenues until it reaches West End A\eniie at L07tb Street. Thence Broadway goes northward to Ybnkers.

Brooklyn. — It would have been difficult to make the streete of Brooklyn innn\ regular way LU8C of the shape of the w* of Long

Island where Brooklyn is. Most of the principal ■ ts and avenues begin at, or near, the Bor- ough Hall. These streets diverge farther and farther from one another as they go until they id out. like t he framework of a fan, to the

138

STREETS

farthest parts of the borough. Fulton Street, the principal street, begins at Fulton Ferry, near the Brooklyn Bridge, and extends eastward to the Borough of Queens. Flatbush Avenue begins near the Borough Hall and runs by Pros- pect Park to Jamaica Bay and the ocean. Court Street begins at the Borough Hall and extends south to Erie Basin. But the new part of

Flushing

! n * « ■

lime

Avenue and Third Avenue keep the same names north of the Harlem River. Third Avenue be- comes the chief street of the Bronx. Jerome Avenue begins at Central Bridge. The Southern Boulevard, Morris Avenue, Boston Road and the Concourse are important avenues. Queens. — Jackson Avenue and Avenue are the most important thoroughfares of Long Island City. Atlantic Avenue, Myrtle Avenue, Met- ropolitan Avenue and Green- point Avenue come into the Borough of Queens from Brooklyn. Flushing, Corona, College Point, Jamaica, and all the villages in the borough have regular streets, but be- tween the villages are broad fields where vegetables are raised for the markets.

Richmond. — The northern end of the Borough of Rich-

Brooklyn, andt/u Court Sousi of Kings County.

Brooklyn has numbered avenues, 3d, 5th, Oth, etc., which begin near Flatbush Avenue or Prospect Park and extend southward to Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. South of Prospect Park the avenues are known by letters A. B, C, etc., to Avenue Z, near Sheepshead Bay and Coney Island. Across these avenues the streets are numbered 1st, 2d, 3d, etc., to 100th Street.

Broadway begins at the Broadway Ferry near the Williamsburg Bridge and joins Fulton Street at an acute angle about five miles east of the Borough Hall. Myrtle Avenue begins at the Borough Hall and runs east to Kiilgewo.nl in the Borough of Queens. Most of the streets in the central and eastern parts of the borough join these principal avenues at acute angles. Many of these streets have the names of famous American statesmen, soldiers and sailors; some have the names of the early Dutch settlers and old Brooklyn families, while others have names of cities in New York State.

The Bronx. — The avenues from Manhattan connect with the streets and avenues running northward through the Bronx. Broadway, Park

Sailors' Snug Harbor, Borough of Richmond.

mond is made up of a number of villages, each of which has its own system of streets, and though these villages join, the streets are very irregular. In other parts of the island are villages with farms between. Richmond Ter- race, which runs along the northern shore of the island, and Richmond Road, which leads south, are the principal avenues.

The hilly shores of the island contain many hotels and homes of people whose business is in .Manhattan.

BUSINESS HOUSES AND HOMES

L39

Find Sailors' Snug Harbor. There aged sea- ni c n a re p ro-

v i tl e (1 w i t h ;i tome.

LESSON XX

Are i here some si reets near your school where there are many

■ "i in Slunltattait ; at Junction qf i: \ Fifth Avi nu

stores ? In all parts of Man- hattan the stores are generally near one another on certain si reets ; in some parts of I he borough the buildings have stores on the street iloor and flats on the upper floors. There are also entire por- tions of this borough given /'""/

up to factories; other parts are filled with office buildings ; in other parts there are many r 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 houses; other parts are largely given upto fine apartmenl houses and family hotels ; while in still other parts are handsome private dwellings. Many millionaires have houses on Fifth A ven ue. on Seventy-second Sti t. on River- side Drive and on cross streets near .Fifth

A.VCD

Although the factories and docks of Brooklyn are important, and although it has many fine business streets, ye1 it is a quieter place and more a borough of homes than Manhattan. Thousands of people whose business is in .Man- hattan cross the bridge and ferries uight and morning to 1 from their home- iii Brooklyn.

On the Par. I linton Avenue, St. Mark's

Avenue, Ocean Avenue, Ocean Parkway ami other streets there are handsome resideni i . The southern part of the borough of the Bronx

is built up like a city with houses, Ea and

-lor.-. Harlem River is lined with wharves for half its length. But this borough is chiefly a, place of homes. There are handsome hoi along the Hudson, and on the leading streets.

Turn to the map, page III. Find Motl Haven, Port .Morris and Tremont in the Bronx. These places were once separate \ illages", bul the spaces between them have been built up and all are now parts of New York City. The sane- thing is true of Williamsburg, Greenpoinf and Flatbush in Brooklyn.

			^ ^
*	m %	WL	%	utfiiw u
S	[llllO M mm
....
■•
	..		*4a Sk-

t Park Soat/ii a Resictenct District Ql Bivoklyn.

Turn to the map, page 122. Find Flushing and Jamaica in Queens; Richmond, and Staple- ton, in Rich- m on d. Al- though these are parts of \ e w Y o r k City the

-I reel S be-

i w e e n the neighboring villages have

not yet been built up.

in a city containing so many people, it is import- ant Ilol o thai all the

1
i y <f^
i httw> w	i ii » » » : ; i IJI.I II
m m p'_i ' <«l> 'TBI II
A • B JmZB^.

140

THE SUBWAY AND THE ELEVATED

streets should be named, but that all the houses on a street should be numbered.

Subway at City Hail Entrance.

Go to a drug store near your home and ask permis- sion to look in the city directory. The names of people who live in the city are in this book in alpha- betic order, and after the name of each person is printed the name of the street and the number of the house where he lives. See if you can find in it your father's or your mother's name, and the street number of the house in which you live.

Seat "Work. 1. Write the alphabet in capitals and in small letters. Write the names of all the children in your school room in alphabetic order.

LESSON XXI

In order that people may be able to go back and forth in the city there are lines of ears running on all the important streets and to the ferries and bridges, and to neighboring cities and villages. Many years ago we had omnibuses on Broadway, as well as on Fifth Avenue, and horse cars on other streets. After the city had grown to be very large, elevated roads were built to carry people taster and farther. Then horse cars took the place of the Broadway

"busses." Next, in all the boroughs swift trolley cars took the place of the slow horse cars. Yet all these and all the elevated roads could not carry the people. So finally the city had to build railroads underground. These are known as the Subway.

Have you ever traveled on an elevated road ? Do you know what makes the trains go ? What makes the street cars go ? What makes the ferry boats move ? The elevated cars and most of the street cars are run by electricity ; the ferry boats are run by steam. How many pilot houses has a ferry boat ? Who can tell why ? All these means of traveling about the city are owned by companies of men who pay the city for the right to use the streets and piers.

I !ut the street cars do not carry our trunks, boxes, etc., so there are express companies, whose wagons carry trunks and boxes between houses, hotels and the railway stations and ferries.

Boad on the Bowery.

Seat Work. (Composition.) 1. Pescribea trip tosome point

of interest in some other 1 ough than that in which yon

live, telling how you traveled. -'. Take a piece of paper and a pencil to the window or door of your home or school and make a list of the vehicles that pass in ten minutes. Read the list at to-morrow's lesson.

T IT E s r U XV A v, t he k l e y a t ED a n i> t h e f e r k I e s

HI

LESSON XXII

Tin- Subway runs from the Battery past City Hall to the Grand Central Station at I'M Street. There it turns west to Broadway and follows Broadway up to Kingsbridge. At 103d Street the East Side division branches off from the main line and goes to Bronx Park. At the Battery the Subway has to pass through a tun- nel under the Past River to Brooklyn, where it connects with the subway system of that borough. The Subway north of City Hall was opened October 27th, L904.

In Manhat- tan the elevated roads all start from the Bat- tery,^ hei connect with ferries t o

Pl'onkh

Staten island, with rail- roads that have • inJersey City.

The Si i ond and Third A ven tie ele- vated railroad lines carry passengers from the Battery and from Brooklyn Bridge northward over the Harlem River into the Bronx. The Sixth and Ninth Avenue elevated lines carry Harlem River, where they can take train towns to the northward.

There are also lines of street, ears running north and south through Manhattan on all the principal i pi Fifl b Arenue. On this

avenue 3tages -till

Some of the principal streets of Manhattan which have what are called " own'Mines

on them, connecting the East River and the \os-i i, i; Fulton, < hambei .

Grand and h I nh, 33d, 34th, AM. 59th,

86th, l L6th and 125th Streets. Find these ferries on the map. page 144.

The chief ferries between Manhattan and the New Jersey shore are at 130th, I'M. 23d, 14th, Christopher, Desbrosses, Franklin, Chambers, I'lii lay, Cortlandt and Liberty Streets. Many- ferry lines meet at South Ferry, near the Battery, and connect with the elevated roads.

Between Manhattan and Long Island also there are many ferries, from the one at Whitehall Street, to the ferry between East 99th Street and College Point. Find the ferries and the streets which lead to them, page 144.

The Bronx has trolley lines which connect

with the Eighth A ven tie cars a t Cent r a 1 Bridge and xvith the Lex- ington and Third Avenue ears at 120th St reet.

The Brook- lyn elevated roads meet at the Brooklyn Bridge, and connect with Williamsburg

in Etui /.'".,. Nolict tht kwopUoti

bridge. Manx

Of the street ear lines also cross over these bridges, SO that people who visit Brooklyn can lake a ear at the Manhattan end of either bridge.

Elevated roads in Brooklyn run on four prin- cipal si reets, — Fulton, Broadway, Myrl le Ax enue, and Fifth Avenue, and also on Lexington.

In Brooklyn, trolley cars run from the bridges or ferries on all the main avenues through the borough. Some cars, soon after leaving the Williamsburg bridge or ferries, turn into Marcy, \o-i rand, Sumner. Tompkins, and ot her ax en lies. which run north and south and cross the main ax enues.

Many of the trains both of the elevated and surface cars run from the Brooklyn Bridg the ocean at Manhattan Peach. Brighton Peach, and < loney [slat l also out on Loi I

14V

N E W Y 0 It K II A KBUU

through the Borough of Queens. Brooklyn also lias the benefit of a branch of the Long Island Railroad, which starts from Flatbush Avenue, and of the main line from Long Island Citj through East New York to Manhattan Beach.

— ~T", ii i ■ . -£—

— M^^^^M

/■' ' y Island.

The Long Island Railroad, which is reached by the 34th Street Ferry, affords rapid transit to people who live in the Borough of Queens. It is also a favorite route from other boroughs to the beaches at Coney Island, Sheepshead Bay. Rockaway and Far Rockaway. In addition to it there are trolley lines running through Long Island City to other places in Queens Borough.

The Staten Island Railroad has lines along the east shore of the Island to South Beach and to Tottenville, and one to the villages along the mirth shore. Parallel with the railroad are lines of trolley cars, all connecting at St. George with the ferry boats to South Ferry.

Seat Work. Turn to the map on page 144. Trace the Sul. way. Trace each elevated road in Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn. The teacher may give problems, as : What ferry and what cars would you take if you were going from your home to visit (a) Manhattan Beach ; (6) Fordham ; (c) Staten Island; (d) Jersey City, Coney Island, Iloboken, Bronx Park, etc.

LESSON XXIII

If we go down the harbor of New York on a bright day in spring or in summer, we may see steamers and sailing vessels from all parts of the world. Here comes a busy little tug. pulling a great float loaded with railroad cars, containing provisions. Here is an excursion boat, crowded with happy people off for a day's outing. Next comes a pilot-boat on its way out to sea to

meet some great steamer from a far-away hmd. On board the pilot-boat are men who know how to guide steamers into the upper harbor. Here is an ocean steamer. Two tugs are puffing and blowing as they push and pull her into the dock between the piers. On her decks are hundreds of passengers, while on the dock stand a number of people waiting to welcome their friends.

Some of the people on the dock are custom- house officers. They will find out what goods are being brought into this country on the steamer and make the owners pay for permis- sion to bring the goods ashore. This money is called il ii lies or customs, and it goes to the United States government.

Here is a vessel that comes from England. It contains woolen and cotton dress goods, tin, salt, and many things to be sold in the New- York stores, or to be sent away to other American cities. As soon as it can unload these goods it will load up again with raw cotton and wool, with beef and other products of our country.

Ships come up the great harbor from other countries of Europe, too. They bring wine or silk goods from France, knit goods, toys and other things from Germany, cork cut from the

Grain Elevators in Brooklyn.

trees of Spanish forests, leather goods, drugs, and glassware from other countries. And back they go full of grain and meat for the English, French, Germans, or Spanish to eat.

Great quantities of goods come to New York from eastern and southern Asia. The tea that

LOCATION* OF DOCKS AND P1EKS

1413

you drink, line silk goods and straw goods, and coffee are brought through the harbor on ships that carry back to Asia goods which are manu- factured here.

Find South America, page 28. Find Mexico, page 32. Find the West Indies. Vessels from these countries bring into New York Harbor coffee, rubber, cocoa, sugar, cotton, hides, hemp, drugs, and tobacco (see page 22). They take

Manhattan.

back f o o d - stuffs, clotb- ing, manufac- tured leather, and machin- ery.

Where do you think we get all the

out of the

harbor on all

these ships?

Some things are made in this city. But grain

and cotton do not grow in the city. Even the

things that are manufactured here are made out

of materials brought into the city.

The grain is brought from the farms in the western pari of our country. Much of it comes on canal boats which are brought down the rivet- to the South Brooklyn water front. There it is transferred from the boats to bins in tall eleva tors, where it is kept till it is transferred again to some ship going to some foreign country.

From New England come boats and cars lo idi d with shoes, hats, fish, paper, and all sorts of man- ufactures. From tie- South come cotton, lum- ber, sugar, rice, fruits and vegetables. From

Tug towing canal boats in North Blver

the West come grain, beef, pork, lumber, fruits, iron, copper, coal, oil, furniture, and manufac- tures of iron and steel. These states receive in return articles manufactured in New York, or brought here from foreign countries.

Seat Work (Composition). Write a paragraph on one of these topics: 1. You are a grain of wheat coming to New York and sent away from New York. Tell your history. 2. The fish and rice on your dinner table have a conversation before dinner. Each tells how it got here. Write the con- versation. 3. Pretend that you are sailing down New STori Kay in a steam yacht of your own, with a friend. Point the sights out to him as you go.

LESSON XXIV

In watching the ships going in and out of the

harbor and the trains and canal boats, one feels

astonished that so many things can be brought

here and taken away, and that so many people

can come and go with so lit- tle confusion. But e a c h steamship line and each ferry company ami each railroad has its own dock. Look at the bird's- eye view, page 125. From the Battery northward, see how many piers you can count on North River. How many can yon count on the Jersey City, Hoboken and Brook- lyn shores ?

Along the Hudson River many railroad ami steamship companies have their docks.

Count the piers from the 1 lattery eastward. Northeast of the Battery there tire many sailing vessels .ami steamers which carry freight, and there is a village of canal boats which come down the Hudson with grain ami Hour. You can often see these canal boa! in the river, being pulled along by -mall t ugs.

Look on the map for the Navy Yard. Here may be seen United States war ships.

w

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w

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o g 5 g

N-, a O >

w r^

146

RAILROADS, STEAMSHIP LINES, ETC.

Look on the bird's-eye view for the Atlantic Basin. Along the Brooklyn shore there are sev- eral almost enclosed sheets of water called basins and docks. Hundreds of vessels can be accom- modated in them.

The Atlantic Docks are surrounded by great warehouses for storing goods, and steam eleva- tors for loading and unloading grain.

The Erie Basin, which also is on the Brooklyn shore, has several docks called dry clocks, where ships can be repaired.

Along the Brooklyn water front there aregreal warehouses, and from them goods are shipped more than half way around tin- world.

Find St. George in the Borough of Ric hm oinl. Here five thou- s a n d feet of water front is owned by the Staten Island Rapid Transit Company. A t this place are freight yards also for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which brings train loads of prod- uce from the western and southern parts of our country.

All about the piers and docks of the city the streets are full of wagons, drays, and vans, car- rying goods to or from the ships and the ware- houses. There is a constant rumble of wheels and shouting of drivers, and sometimes the street cars are stopped by the crowding of all these freight carriers.

Seat Work. Look on the map, page 144, and find the chief railroad ferries. Find the docks where freight steamers go, and the canal boat village. Where are the Atlantic Docks? The Erie Basin ? The Navy Yard ?

How do the canal boats reach their wharves ? Why are the streets near the docks so crowded ?

What important docks are there in Richmond ?

In West Street — wagons, dratjs and vans.

LESSON XXV

The water in New York Harbor is so deep that the largest ocean steamers can come to their wharves and there be unloaded. With such a harbor this city is a fine natural seaport. But every fine seaport is not a great citv. Let us see then what else besides its good har- bor helped to make New York a great city. Look at the country north of New York on page 49. Follow with your pencil the Hudson River from New York to Albany. Near Albany the Mohawk River flows into the Hudson. There

are mountains south of the Mohawk River, and there are m o u n t a i n s north of it. But there is a great break in the mountain wall at the Mo- hawk valley. and through this break it is easy to travel from the lakes to the Hudson and down the Hudson to

New York. Because of this break in the moun- tains a canal was built many years ago across the country from Buffalo to the Hudson. The canal boats which we see in the harbor come down the Hudson from this canal. It is called the Erie Canal and to it New York City owed a great deal of its early importance as a seaport. On the canal produce could be brought from different parts of the country to the city and goods could be carried back very cheaply. This gave New York an advantage over any other seaport on the Atlantic coast, and it soon grew to be the richest and largest city in the United States.

At that time there were no railroads, but by the time railroads began to be built New

M A N C F A C T V K E S

u;

York had all the money it needed to bring rail- road lines here, and also to bring here the new steamship lines that wen- needed to carry on the business of a great seaport. So it happens that to-day New York has many railroad and steam- ship lines, and steamboats, canal boats and sailing vessel-, all trying to get business away from one another. For this reason goods can be brought here from all parts of the country more cheaply than to any other seaport on the Atlantic coast. And. of course. goods from other lands can also be sent back to the country more cheaply.

Many of the great railroads which bring pas- sengers and goods to New York stop on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. The Pennsylvania, New Jersey Central and Erie Kail- roads have handsome depots in Jersey City. The Lackawanna has a depot in Hoboken and the West Shore Railroad has one in "Weehawken. The Lehigh Valley and Susquehanna passenger trains come into the Pennsylvania depot. The Ontario and Western passenger trains come into the West Shore depot. The Baltimore and Ohio passenger trains come into the New Jersey Cen- tral depot. Each of these roads has its own freight depot.

The New York Central aud Xew Yrork and New Haven Railroads bring passengers into New York City as far as Forty-second Street to the

and the New York and New Haven Kail

its freight depot at the lower end of the Earleni River in the Borough of the Bronx.

,i<t Depot, \ H i road, i'/u />'/'»- 1

Grand Central Station, which i- one of the hand- -uiuest in tin' country. The New York Central Railroad has its Freight depol on t be North River,

;/ Forty-Second Sir,

Seat Work. Turn to the map on page 144. Find the rail- roads that corue into depots in New Jersey. Find the rail- roads that come into Queens and Richmond. Make a li-' ol all these railroads. Opposite the name of each road write the ferries which take passengers to it from Manhattan. Find the railroads that come into the Grand Centra] Station.

LESSON XXVI Did you ever watch a shoemaker at work? The piece of leather which comes into his shop goes out a finished shoe. A.1 a pottery, loads of clay which are dumped at one door conic out liuallx as beautiful vases, or delicate cups and saucers. A pile of clay, worth a few dollars

when it goes in, may be worth ll sands of

dollars when il comes out. lis worth lias : multiplied by the workmen who have given if its graceful shape, its line polish, and its bean; decora! ions.

Many things which are brought into New York arc changed before they go out, and sold for much more after | be change.

\V e have seen thai hides and leather come into i be city, and i hat boot - and shoe- and lea

iod go out. Raw sugar comes in, and fine white sugar goes out. Pig iron and sheet iron

mi. and machinery and iron ware go out. Cotton, n oollen, silk and linen goods come in. and nianufacl up i ing tor n

women and children goes out. To

148

M ANUFACTl' K ES

come from Cuba and the Southern States, and smoking tobacco, cigars and cigarettes go out.

There are thousands of different kinds of things made in New York City and in the towns near by.

The places where these things are made are

called factories. New York contains more fac- tories than any other city in the United States.

On the Brooklyn shore of the East River, in Williamsburg, is the largest sugar refinery in the world. Here raw sugar is made into the fine white sugar which we use on our tables. There are several other refineries in Brooklyn between Greenpoint and Wallabout Bay.

In the Navy Yard, in Brooklyn, steel ships are built. In Erie Basin and Atlantic Basin mer- chant ships are built and repaired.

About a hundred thousand people in New York are employed in making clothing. On the east side of Manhattan are many of the shops where clothing is made.

In Long Island City are the great oil refineries. The oil comes in pipes all the way from the oil wells in Pennsylvania to Long Island City.

Among the chief articles made in New York are books, magazines, and newspapers. This book was made here. At the Herald Building on Broadway, Manhattan, or the Eagle Building, Brooklyn, people can stand at the windows and see the great presses printing, and counting, ami folding and piling the papers. Near the City Hall in Manhattan is a group of newspaper

offices, and the open space near them is called Printing House Square.

Seat Work. 1. Which is worth more money, a piece of leather big enough to make into a pair of shoes, or the pail of shoes? :_'. Why? :). What do you call the process of making things? 4. If you were to knit a pair of mittens, would you call your house a mitten factory V ">. Why? ti. If you ever saw a factory, tell what went into it as ma- terial, and what came out as product. 7. "Where is a factory district of Xew York City?

LESSON XXVII

If you want a pair of shoes, a hat. a shite and pencil, and a handkerchief, you cannot go in the different factories for them. It would take too much time and cost too much money. Thus it happens that in every neighborhood we find stores which buy all these things from the different factories and sell them to the people who live near by.

So, while many people in New York earn their livings by manufacturing things, many others make their livings by selling these things.

On every business street of the city you can buy almost anything that you want.

The stores from which we buy things are called retail stores. Some of the retail dealers, as the

Printing thi "Brooklyn Eagle.*

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STOKES

149

butcher, the druggist, the grocer, sell only cer- tain kinds of goods. Others keep nearly all kinds of goods for sale in one building. Such a build- ing is called a department store.

In Manhattan the largest department stores are on Broadway between 14th and 35th Streets,

on Sixth Aven u e , and on 14th a n d 2 3d Streets. In Brook 1 yn they are on Fulton Street, Broadway, and Fifth and Myrtle a\ enues.

Besides I he retail stores there are other stores, c a 1 1 e d

.1 /(»/ Departn

wholesale stores or jobbing houses, that buy goods from factories to sell to retail stores all over the country. Many of these wholesale stores are south of 14th Street in .Manhattan. Buyers from all over the United State< come to these stores once or twice a year to lay in their stocks of goods. For convenience dealers in certain articles select certain parts of the city for their stores.

Hardware ami cutlery dealers are found on, or near, Chambers Street. Dealers in machinery are on Centre Street. Leather dealers arc on, or near, Gold. Spruce, and Perry streets. Stove

deal n Beekman and Water Btreei -.

Wholesale dealers in boots and shoes are on Duane and Reade streets. Wholesale drygoods

dealers are on Church, I nard, White, Walker,

Franklin, Thomas, and on Broadway near these tets. Wholesale fruit dealers arc on or tear Washington Street.

( loflei I In' I loffee Exchange at. the

corner of Pear] and Bearer Streets, and the

coffee tradeis in that neighborhood. Flour, bacon

and lard are sold at the Produce Exchange near the southern end of Broadway, and many produce dealers have their offices in the Produce Exchange Building, and the streets near by. Cotton is sold at the Cotton Exchange in Hanover Square, and the cotton merchants have their offices in that neighborhood. At the Mercantile Exchange, on Hudson Street, butter, eggs, etc., are sold.

The chief places where food is sold are called markets. Some of the best known markets in Manhattan are Washington Market, covering a block bounded by Washington, West, Fulton, and Vesey Streets ; West Washington Market, at

Maji nf Lower Ni a York.

13th Street between Washington and West Streets; and the Fulton Fish Market east of South Street between Fulton and Beekman Streets. In Brooklyn, "Wallabout Market, east of the Navy Yard, is the chief place for the sale of Eood. Early in the day these markets an' among the busiest, and noisiest places in the city.

Seat Work. 1. What Is a retail What Is aw

sal.- store? '■'>. What is a market ! i. Name live Mines in

your neighbor] l. -V If you were going to Bei up a little

grocery anil meal Btore, would you go where there were -i [ the same sort, or where there were none vlthin sev- eral blocks? Why? 6. Would you go to tin' middle of a od full nf offices, 'it- full of liouses i V-

1 50

STOCK BROKERS. HANKS, TRUST COMPANIES, ETC.

LESSON XXVIII

A READING LESSON

When a person who lives in New York goes to the country or to a smaller city to visit, the place seems to him wonderfully quiet, for he is used to a constant noise. If the street in which he lives is a quiet one, yet there is always to be heard the hum of the. city, — the rumble of the elevated train, the clang of the surface car bell, the clatter of horses' hoofs, and the min- gled cries and calls of many people. From very early in the morning until far into the night all these noises go on. In many parts of the city there are only two or three hours out of the twenty-four which are quiet, and a visitor from the country would think them noisy.

A large part of all this bustle is due to the making ami buying and selling that go on so con- stantly. The raw materials are carried to the factory. The factory hands are astir and on their way to work. The manu- factured goods are traveling to the wholesale dealer. The buyers are visiting the whole- sale stores. The goods they buy are rattling over the stone streets to the railway, or wharf, or to the retail store. Shoppers are hurrying hack and forth and in and out of stores, buying goods. Over the ferries come the market gardeners from Long Island and from New Jersey with vegetables. In from the west come refrigerator ears full of fruit or meats. And up and down the aisles of the mar- ket goes the housekeeper or the buyer from the hotel. At the hotel tables sit many people, some of whom come, perhaps, from the very neighbor- hood in New Jersey where the vegetables they are eating were raised. They pay now good prices for these home products that have been prepared by a French cook, and then off they go, perhaj)s to buy lace brought over from Ireland,

Wall Street ; Trinity r s. Sub- Ti> asury on Washington infront.

silk from Japan, and shoes, made by New York workmen from South American hides. Then they go back to their New Jersey homes. They have added their share to the noise and confusion but also to the wealth of the second greatest city in the world.

LESSON XXIX

Besides the merchants and manufacturers there are business men in New York called stock brokers. They do not sell drygoods or groceries, but stocks. Do you know what stocks are ? When a railroad is built, or a bank is started, the money is furnished by many men who form a company. Each man gets a paper which tells how much money he put in. and the men who own these papers own the railroad or mine. Such papers are called stocks. There are thousands of such companies and mil- lions of stocks. These stocks are bought and sold in a build- ing called the Stock Ex- change, on Wall Street, and the men whose business is to buy or sell them are stock brokers.

The Banks are places where business men keep their money. For all the goods brought into New York, money goes out ; for all the goods sent out of New York, money comes in. This money goes and comes through the banks, and it makes a very large business. There are about one hundred and fifty banks in all the boroughs, and people are putting money into them and taking money out of them every day. Banks also lend money to a man who can satisfy them that he will pay it back.

Rich men have formed other companies called Trust Companies, where people can put their money. These trust companies are very much like banks. They take care of all sorts of valu- ables, and look after the property of widows ami of orphan children.

Church in the distance ■ thi right, with Slatut q)

HOW THE CITY IS GOVEKXKI)

m

The people of New York also have companies called Insurance Companies which do a large business. Some of these companies insure peo- ple's lives. Others insure their homes ami furniture against tire. Do you know what this means ? If a man who is insured dies, the com- pany pays a certain sum of money to his family. If a house which is insured hums, the company pays the owner a certain sum of money for the house. The Equitable, t lie Mutual, the New ^i ork Life and other insurance companies have magnificent buildings, and all these companies together have more than a billion dollars.

There is also a kind of bank called a Savings Bank. People who have only a little money to Sparc can ]iu! it into these l.a n k -' and gel inter- est on it if it stays in the li a n k s i \ lis. The

i -y in all

banks in our cit y i g nearly six hun- dred million dolli

So yon can see that the people of New York City have a great deal of money. It is the richest city in the world. .Men from all over the country come here

to borrow money when they want to start rail- . Eai i -mcs, or other enterprises. Many of the la ink-, i ru -t companies, and insurance

paniee are on \\ all SI reel and in t he -i reel - near by. The United States Sub-Treasury, where millions ,,f dollars are kept all the time, is also on Wall Street, mid so this neighborhood i- the money center of New York. For tin

'.li Wall Street is known all over the world.

Seat Work. l. wi or his living? :.'.

If you wen ■ bank, teU what was done there. 3. Tell

] reasone win much money cornea Into New York.

LESSON XXX

Did you ever see a police parade, or a fire partment parade, or a procession of stn cleaners ? These men and the other city serv- ants of all kinds would make an army. At the head of this army are the officers of the city. These officers and men all work for the people and are paid by the city.

The Mayor is the chief officer in the city. A mayor is chosen by the people every two years. lie does not govern the city directly himself, hut he appoints men to look after the various parts of the city government. His office is in the City

Hall. Manhat- tan.

Board of Aldermen. — Over seventy men meet to- gether to make city la w s . These law- in :i k e r s a re called alder- in e n. T h ey also are chosen by the people. Borough Presidents — I! e s ides the

U (Man.

mayor, who is the chief officer for the whole city, each borough has ,-, president, who is its chief officer. He has control of the paving of streets and roads in his borough ; of the giving of permits to build houses; of the cleaning and repairing of pi buildings and sewers. Each borough president has his office in the Borough Hall of his own borough.

The governmenl of the city has to do so many things that its duties are divided up into a number of classes, and each class of service is place,] under one department of the govern- ment. There are a number of these depart- ments.

Among the most importanl is the Depart-

J52

HOW THE CITY IS GOVERNED

ment of Finance. Finance means money. The officer at the head of this department is called the comptroller. He is elected by the people, and it is his duty to collect all the money for the city and pay the debts of the city. The money which the people pay to be used for the city is •called taxes.

At the head of the Police Department is the Police Commissioner. This department controls all the policemen in the city.

At the head of the Department of Street Cleaning is the Street Cleaning Commissioner. All men, horses and wagons employed in cleaning the streets are under his control.

in which diseases are often

BlackweWs Inland, showing the Charity Hospital and the Penitentiary.

The chief officer of the Fire Department is •called the Fire Commissioner. This department builds and controls all engine houses, cares for the fire-engines and horses, and makes rules which the firemen must obey.

New York is a very healthful city. This is partly because it is surrounded by salt water and swept by breezes from the ocean. But is also be- cause the Health Department, which is a part of the city government, looks after the matter. Meat and milk sold in the city are inspected to see if they are pure. The water pipes and waste pipes of new houses are examined to see that no foul gases escape. People are vaccinated, and people with contagious diseases are taken to the hospital on North Brother Island. Laws are made to prevent people from keeping about their houses decaying vegetables or other things likely to create disease. Spitting on the floors of ferrv boats and street cars is forbidden, because

that is a way spread.

In order that people may have good health a city should have good water. The water supply of New York is under the care of the Depart- ment of "Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. Water from hills far outside the city is brought here through large underground pipes, called aqueducts, and kept in great stone basins, called reservoirs. From the reservoirs it flows through pipes to the houses on the different streets.

The Department of Education is under a Board of Education, made up of forty-six men. The Department of Education builds school houses, appoints teachers and principals and looks after the education of the people.

The Department of Public Charities cares for the poor, and provides hospitals for sick people who have no friends or relatives to take care of them. Its head is the Commissioner of Public Charities.

City prisons and penitentiaries are governed by the Commissioner of Correction, who is at the head of the Department of Correction.

There is a Tenement House Department, at the head of which is a Tenement House Com- missioner. This department looks after the build- ing of large houses where many families live. There are laws to prevent people from building tenement houses with dark, close rooms, likely to injure the health of people who live in them.

Besides the departments named there are the Department of Bridges, the Law Depart- ment, the Department of Parks, and the Department of Docks and Ferries, each with a special work to do in the government of the city. If dishonest men are in power, the work of the different departments may be very badly done, and great sums of money may go to men who do not serve the city at all. But if the people elected to the government and the men appointed by the Mayor are honest, the work is well done and the money spent is paid to the people who do the wrork.

The clerks in the post office and the letter carriers who bring you your letters every day, the officers in the Sub- Treasury and in the Custom House, and the men who

Si II imm.s, LIBRARIES A N H CHURCHES

L53

meet thi ships coming in, and make people pay duty on

g Is nude in foreign countries, are uol officers of New

York City, although they live here and work side by side with officers. Thej are officers of the United

States. The United States also has courts herethat sit in the Posl Office building and that punish any man in the city of New York who breaks anj law of the United States.

We ilso have judges that hold court in the County ( lourl Hi ises of New York, Kings, Rich- in ond and Queens. In

t h e re

S h e r i ff s ,

Clerks. -In- ries. Tl punish per- sons who roll houses, kill people, or do any sue h w i c k e '1 things. Tl are nol officers. They are st a officers, and they punish pe o pie for break laws inaile by

i see that the people of New York have city laws made by the aldermen; they have slate laws S lie of New York and they have laws made by the United States. There are three sets of officers here ready to arrest and punish people who break any of those laws.

Seat Work. i. Who ia the present mayor of New York? ~. Find out who [a the president of vour borough. :t. Find out who la the alderman from your ili>tri.t. I. Can yon think of any branch of the city government that has done you? What has it done? 5. I>o you know what rii- Health Department doea t" a house where there bae been a contagious disease? Where are people with pox taken by thi Hea -If their friends do

nol (i i to go, do you think the city governmen

any right to take them? Why? 6. If I want to build a

with dark room- ami you are willing to pent the rooms from

mi', what nuriiT I,:,- the city government to interfere? '■ How- man- facers are there In New York City. B. Name tin- United States who have work t" do in the city of New York. What state officers have work here ?

LESSON XXXI

Tlu' people (if ;i city ought to be intelligi If they are not, they will choose bad men tu make the laws and bad men to carry out the laws, and do many other unwise tilings. Then no one will wish to go to such a city to live or tu visit. Fortius reason, our city spends millions of dollars every year to educate the children, so that when they grow up to be men and women, they will be intelligent. Tbe law says that every child from six to twelve years of age must go to school.

We have kindergartens, primary and grammar schools, high schools, a city college for boys, and a normal college for girls. Children can go through these without any cost to their parents, even for books.

For persons who have to work all day, there

SI. Luke's Hospital.

are free evening schools and lectures in the public school buildings. These schools are all paid for out of the monej which comes from taxes.

There are also other schools where children are taught free of charge. Many Roman Cath- olic churches have free schools for the children of tbeir members. These schools are paid for by the churches and are called parochial schools.

The larger churches of ol her dei tinations also

have mission schools for the poor.

Besides the public scl Is, the parochial schools

and other free schools, there are many private schools and colleges, and two universities in the city. Pupils who go to them musl pay for tuition, but the college and universities have ways of helping clever students who pay tbeir

154

PARKS

Hvill of Fum. . University of New York, Univer- sity Il< ights.

way. A 11 y poor boy in the city, who is willing to work hard, may learn here to be a doctor, a law- yer, a dentist, an engineer, or a college professor.

The leading colleges and universities in New York are as follows: — Columbia University, University of the City <>f New York, the City College, the Normal College, Adel- phi College, College of St. Francis Xavier, Manhattan Col- lege, and St. John's College.

Not only children, but many grown men and women also wish to study, and the city has planned for them, too. Free lectures are given and night schools are kept up. and there is ,-i great system of public libra- r i e s . T h e chief library building is at

Library, Columbia University.

The Fountain in Central Park.

Fifth Avenue and 42d .Street. In all the bor- oughs there are branch libraries, and anyone who wishes can go to them to read or to borrow books. There are also special libraries for special sub- jects, such as History or Geography. Such libraries belong to societies of people interested in those subjects. Universities also have big libraries, and some of the churches and char- itable societies have libraries and reading rooms. No one in the city need be without good books to read.

Cooper Institute has a school where art. draw- ing, bookkeeping, and other useful occupations are taught free of charge.

New York has more than a thousand church buildings of all denominations, and Brooklyn

used to be known as The City of Churches . These teach us to do right.

On 50th Street and Fifth Av- enue there is St. Patrick's, the great Catholic Cathedral. On University Heights, near Riverside Drive, St. John's, the Episcopal Cathedral, is being built. On Fifth Avenue, opposite Central Park, there is a fine Jewish Synagogue.

LESSON XXXII

In a crowded city like Xew York very few peo- ple have gardens and grounds of their own w here

they ran sit out - of -doors and enjoy the fresh air. And vet every body needs some such place. For this rea- son the city h a s ni a d e places called parks where air. and where boys

every one can get fresh and girls can play.

Find Central Park on map, page 11-1. Here tire driveways for those who have carriages, and bridle paths for those who ride horseback. For those who walk there are foot paths, leading beside grassy meadows, and through leafy woods, and past beautiful lakes, and over rocky hills, and across tumbling streams. A great part of the park has been left as much like the country as possible.

In the Menagerie birds, snakes, and other wild animals have been collected from many lands. In the winter some of the circuses send their animals there to board.

On some of the meadows boys play ball. Swings

PA II K 8

1 55

and other children's games are allowed in the part called the carousel.

In the park and at its gates are many statues. One of Columbus, the great Italian who discov- ered America, was given by the Italians of New York ; another of Scott, a noted Scotchman, was given by the Scotch people of the city.

Find Riverside Park. This park extends along a high bank by the side of the Hudson liiver, so that those who walk along its pat lis or rest on its benches look out on a very beautiful view. On the east side of the park and facing it have been built many very elegant houses, each stir- rounded by beautiful grounds. In this park stands Grant's Tomb, a large white building con- taining the coffins of a great American soldier and his wife. There are several other statues in the park, one of Washing- ion, given to the city by the "il children.

Find the Battery Park. A stone wall protects it from the waters of the hay. In old times, where tins wall now is e was a battery with cannon to defend the city. There is an odd round building near the water's edge which once was a fort called "The Castle," and t hen was an opera house, " Cas

Through the summer the yards and the roofs

of some of the school buildings are open for the children of the neighborhood to play in. And some of the parks have playgrounds in them.

■' I

1 ■ irden." and then was u-cd as a place to n

ceive immigrants. Nowil is an Aquarium. All sorts of things thai belong to the sea, turtles and .-eal-. corals and sponges — can be Been tl

Hudson River and Riverside Park,show- Ing Grant's Tomb on tin bluff and tfu New Tork Central Railroad tracks th* rivt r below.

Find Seward Park. It is al- most entirely devoted to the children. Sometimes there are six or seven thousand children here at a time.

Find Madison Square. Its cool shade and the waters of its spouting fountain are very pleasant to the busy crowds that, hurry through it.

Find City Hall Park. This green space is all that is left of what used to be the city •■ ( !om- mon." In olden times an open

space kept for the use of all the | pie was

called a common. Soldiers drilled there, public speeches were made there, and children played On the Common. 1'oit it was not made beautiful as parks are nowadays.

Find Bowling Green. This little green spot

i- t he oldesl park in the city. Tl Id Dutch

Bettjers used it firs! for bowling, and then for a

market place, but the English made a park of it.

The Speed b a j i ■■< lei el road t hree mile- long

on the west bank of the Harlem River, above

I59th Street. In Central Park fast driving is not

permitted, but on the Speedway people may drive as fa

Madison Square, and Madison Bo. Garden.

156

P A K K S

1SHJ4

/ ; Harlem l:'u

Find Prospect Park. It is nearly as large as

Central Park. .Many ] pie think it is more

beautiful. This park is not only beautiful it- self, but very beautiful views may be seen from it. particularly from Lookout Hill. Here also are an electric fountain, a lake with boats, fields for games, and beautiful walks and drives.

Find Greenwood Cemetery. This is not a park, but it is so attractive that people visit it as they visit parks. Find Bronx Park. T h e Bronx River runs through it. This park contains the Zoological Gar- den, which has many wild ani- mals, chiefly those found in America. Here also are the Botanical Gardens. where many interesting plants are grown.

Find Pelham Bay Park on map page 122. It is the largest park in the city.

Find Van Cortlandt Park on map page 122. There is a fine parade ground for soldiers in this park, but most of the park is a coun- try region, wild, woody and rocky.

Almost every good sized city nowadays has

parks of some sort. But very lew oil ies have such good op- portunity as .New York has for another sort of fresh- air space. At various places along the water front the city gcv eminent has established recreation piers. These piers are on the upper parts of regular piers. They have flags floating over them, ami bands play in them in the evenings and on Saturday afternoons. The people of New York are fortunate in liv-

ing so near the ocean. All along the oce?

of Queens and Brooklyn Boroughs and

the Richmond coast, there are sandy beac.

where people bathe, and where there are hotels

and entertainments. They are reached by boats

and by the cars, and are crowded on summer

holidays. ,

There must be care-takers in the parks, and park policeman, and men to feed the animals in

the "Zoo," and firemen on the excursion boats, and musicians on the piers, and bathing masters at the baths. So that the amuse- ments of this great city as von can see

Notice il,r wall of ,/>;/,/ rock which forms tlu " of Manhattan bland.

! Park, Brook

give work to thousands of people.

Seat Work. 1. Name some parks that are like the coun- try. 2. Name some parks where you can see wild animals. 3. Name some statues in the city parks, and tell whom they represent. 4. Name two parks that have beautiful views. ■">. What park contains a noted tomb ? 6. What park has a river running through it V V. What park is a piece of the old common ? 8. What park contains an old fort ?

LIST OF PLACES TO VISIT

Manhattan — City Hall, Central Park, American Mu- seum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Battery Park, New York Aquarium, Custom House, Sub- Treasuryand Washington's Statue, Liberty Island, Gov- ernor's Island, Riverside Park, General Grant's Tomb, Morningside Park, Columbia University, Stuyvesant Square, .Madison Square Garden, Washington Square.

Brooklyn — Prospect Park, the United Status Navy Yard, Fort Hamilton, Fort Greene Park, Mt. Prospecl and the Reservoir (from which may be seen much of the whole city), the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Coney Island, Manhattan Beach, Lincoln Ten (at the Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue from which Jamaica Bay and the ocean maybe seen), Bergen Bench.

The Bronx — Bronx Park, Zoological Gardens. Botan- ical Gardens, Van Cortlandt Park. University of the City uf New York. Pelham Bay Park, High Bridge, Claremont Park, Crotona Pari;.

Richmond — Midland Beach, South Beach, Fort Wads- worth, Sailors' Snug Harbor.

Queens — Forest Park, Rockaway Beach, Far Rock- away. North Beach, College Point.

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